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Boundless Lecture Slides

Boundless Lecture Slides. Available on the Boundless Teaching Platform. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com. Using Boundless Presentations. Boundless Teaching Platform

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Boundless Lecture Slides

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  1. Boundless Lecture Slides Available on the Boundless Teaching Platform Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  2. Using Boundless Presentations Boundless Teaching Platform Boundless empowers educators to engage their students with affordable, customizable textbooks and intuitive teaching tools. The free Boundless Teaching Platform gives educators the ability to customize textbooks in more than 20 subjects that align to hundreds of popular titles. Get started by using high quality Boundless books, or make switching to our platform easier by building from Boundless content pre-organized to match the assigned textbook. This platform gives educators the tools they need to assign readings and assessments, monitor student activity, and lead their classes with pre-made teaching resources. Get started now at: • The Appendix The appendix is for you to use to add depth and breadth to your lectures. You can simply drag and drop slides from the appendix into the main presentation to make for a richer lecture experience. http://boundless.com/teaching-platform • Free to edit, share, and copy Feel free to edit, share, and make as many copies of the Boundless presentations as you like. We encourage you to take these presentations and make them your own. If you have any questions or problems please email: educators@boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  3. About Boundless • Boundless is an innovative technology company making education more affordable and accessible for students everywhere. The company creates the world’s best open educational content in 20+ subjects that align to more than 1,000 popular college textbooks. Boundless integrates learning technology into all its premium books to help students study more efficiently at a fraction of the cost of traditional textbooks. The company also empowers educators to engage their students more effectively through customizable books and intuitive teaching tools as part of the Boundless Teaching Platform. More than 2 million learners access Boundless free and premium content each month across the company’s wide distribution platforms, including its website, iOS apps, Kindle books, and iBooks. To get started learning or teaching with Boundless, visit boundless.com. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  4. Prokaryotic Diversity Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea Structure of Prokaryotes Prokaryotic Metabolism Bacterial Diseases in Humans ] Beneficial Prokaryotes Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  5. Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea > Prokaryotic Diversity Prokaryotic Diversity • Classification of Prokaryotes • The Origins of Archaea and Bacteria • Extremophiles and Biofilms Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/prokaryotes-bacteria-and-archaea-22/prokaryotic-diversity-140/

  6. Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea > Structure of Prokaryotes Structure of Prokaryotes • Basic Structures of Prokaryotic Cells • Prokaryotic Reproduction Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/prokaryotes-bacteria-and-archaea-22/structure-of-prokaryotes-141/

  7. Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea > Prokaryotic Metabolism Prokaryotic Metabolism • Energy and Nutrient Requirements for Prokaryotes • The Role of Prokaryotes in Ecosystems Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/prokaryotes-bacteria-and-archaea-22/prokaryotic-metabolism-142/

  8. Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea > Bacterial Diseases in Humans Bacterial Diseases in Humans • History of Bacterial Diseases • Biofilms and Disease • Antibiotics: Are We Facing a Crisis? • Bacterial Foodborne Diseases Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/prokaryotes-bacteria-and-archaea-22/bacterial-diseases-in-humans-143/

  9. Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea > Beneficial Prokaryotes Beneficial Prokaryotes • Symbiosis between Bacteria and Eukaryotes • Early Biotechnology: Cheese, Bread, Wine, Beer, and Yogurt • Prokaryotes and Environmental Bioremediation Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/prokaryotes-bacteria-and-archaea-22/beneficial-prokaryotes-144/

  10. Appendix Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  11. Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea Key terms • abioticnonliving, inanimate, characterized by the absence of life; of inorganic matter • alkaliphileany organism that lives and thrives in an alkaline environment, such as a soda lake; a form of extremophile • antibioticany substance that can destroy or inhibit the growth of bacteria and similar microorganisms • archaeaa taxonomic domain of single-celled organisms lacking nuclei, formerly called archaebacteria, but now known to differ fundamentally from bacteria • binary fissionthe process whereby a cell divides asexually to produce two daughter cells • biofilma thin film of mucus created by and containing a colony of bacteria and other microorganisms • bioremediationthe use of biological organisms, usually microorganisms, to remove contaminants, especially from soil or polluted water • biotechnologythe use of living organisms (especially microorganisms) in industrial, agricultural, medical, and other technological applications • biotransformationthe changes (both chemical and physical) that occur to a substance (especially a drug) by the actions of enzymes within an organism • botulismpoisoning caused by the toxin from Clostridium botulinum, a type of anaerobic bacteria that grows in improperly-prepared food • carbon cyclethe physical cycle of carbon through the earth's biosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere that includes such processes as photosynthesis, decomposition, respiration and carbonification • chemotrophan organism that obtains energy by the oxidation of electron-donating molecules in the environment Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  12. Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea • conjugationthe temporary fusion of organisms, especially as part of sexual reproduction • domainin the three-domain system, the highest rank in the classification of organisms, above kingdom: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya • extremophilean organism that lives under extreme conditions of temperature, salinity, etc; commercially important as a source of enzymes that operate under similar conditions • fermentationan anaerobic biochemical reaction, in yeast, for example, in which enzymes catalyze the conversion of sugars to alcohol or acetic acid with the evolution of carbon dioxide • gram-positivethat is stained violet by Gram's method due to the presence of a peptidoglycan cell wall • halophilean organism that lives and thrives in an environment of high salinity, often requiring such an environment; a form of extremophile • indeleither an insertion or deletion mutation in the genetic code • legumea large family of herbs, shrubs, and trees that bear nodules on the roots that contain nitrogen-fixing bacteria • macronutrientany of the elements required in large amounts by all living things • micronutrienta mineral, vitamin, or other substance that is essential, even in very small quantities, for growth or metabolism • nitrogen cyclethe natural circulation of nitrogen, in which atmospheric nitrogen is converted to nitrogen oxides and deposited in the soil, where it is used by organisms or decomposed back to elemental nitrogen • nitrogen fixationthe conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia and organic derivatives, by natural means, especially by microorganisms in the soil, into a form that can be assimilated by plants Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  13. Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea • nitrogen fixationthe conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia and organic derivatives, by natural means, especially by microorganisms in the soil, into a form that can be assimilated by plants • nosocomialcontracted in a hospital, or arising from hospital treatment • nucleoidthe irregularly-shaped region within a prokaryote cell where the genetic material is localized • osmotic pressurethe hydrostatic pressure exerted by a solution across a semipermeable membrane from a pure solvent • pathogenany organism or substance, especially a microorganism, capable of causing disease, such as bacteria, viruses, protozoa, or fungi • pilusa hairlike appendage found on the cell surface of many bacteria • plaguean epidemic or pandemic caused by any pestilence • plasmida circle of double-stranded DNA that is separate from the chromosomes, which is found in bacteria and protozoa • prokaryotean organism whose cell (or cells) are characterized by the absence of a nucleus or any other membrane-bound organelles • sacculusa small sac • serotypea group of microorganisms characterized by a specific set of antigens • stromatolitea laminated, columnar, rock-like structure built over geologic time by microorganisms such as cyanobacteria Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  14. Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea • transductionhorizontal gene transfer mechanism in prokaryotes where genes are transferred using a virus • transformationthe alteration of a bacterial cell caused by the transfer of DNA from another, especially if pathogenic • zoonosisan animal disease that can be transmitted to humans Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  15. Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea Carbon cycle Prokaryotes play a significant role in continuously moving carbon through the biosphere. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Prokaryotic Metabolism. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44606/latest/Figure_22_03_01.jpgView on Boundless.com

  16. Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea Products made using prokaryotes Some of the products derived from the use of prokaryotes in early biotechnology include (a) cheese, (b) wine, (c) beer and bread, and (d) yogurt. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Beneficial Prokaryotes. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44609/latest/Figure_22_05_02abcd.jpgView on Boundless.com

  17. Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea MRSA, a superbug This scanning electron micrograph shows methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, commonly known as MRSA. S. aureus is not always pathogenic, but can cause diseases such as food poisoning and skin and respiratory infections. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Bacterial Diseases in Humans. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44607/latest/Figure_22_04_05.jpgView on Boundless.com

  18. Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea Microbial mat This (a) microbial mat, about one meter in diameter, grows over a hydrothermal vent in the Pacific Ocean in a region known as the "Pacific Ring of Fire." The mat helps retain microbial nutrients. Chimneys, such as the one indicated by the arrow, allow gases to escape. (b) In this micrograph, bacteria are visualized using fluorescence microscopy. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Prokaryotic Diversity. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44603/latest/Figure_22_01_01.jpgView on Boundless.com

  19. Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea Table 1. Carbon and energy sources in prokaryotes This table summarizes the types of energy and carbon sources for different types of prokaryotes. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. November 8, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44606/latest/?collection=col11448/latestView on Boundless.com

  20. Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea Prokaryotic cell structure The features of a typical prokaryotic cell are shown. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Structure of Prokaryotes. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44605/latest/Figure_22_02_02.jpgView on Boundless.com

  21. Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea Stromatolites (a) These living stromatolites are located in Shark Bay, Australia. (b) These fossilized stromatolites, found in Glacier National Park, Montana, are nearly 1.5 billion years old. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Prokaryotic Diversity. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44603/latest/Figure_22_01_02ab.jpgView on Boundless.com

  22. Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea Location of Nitrogen Fixation Soybean (Glycine max) is a legume that interacts symbiotically with the soil bacterium Bradyrhizobium japonicum to form specialized structures on the roots called nodules where nitrogen fixation occurs. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Beneficial Prokaryotes. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44609/latest/Figure_22_05_01.jpgView on Boundless.com

  23. Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea Filaments of photosynthetic cyanobacteria Cyanobacteria are an example of phototrophic prokaryotes. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Bacteria."CC BYhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BacteriaView on Boundless.com

  24. Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea Prokaryotes in extreme environments Certain prokaryotes can live in extreme environments such as the Morning Glory pool, a hot spring in Yellowstone National Park. The spring's vivid blue color is from the prokaryotes that thrive in its very hot waters. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Introduction. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44602/latest/Figure_22_00_01.jpgView on Boundless.com

  25. Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea Halophile habitats (a) The Dead Sea is hypersaline. Nevertheless, salt-tolerant bacteria thrive in this sea. (b) These halobacteria cells can form salt-tolerant bacterial mats. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Prokaryotic Diversity. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44603/latest/Figure_22_01_05.jpgView on Boundless.com

  26. Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea Modes of prokaryote reproduction Besides binary fission, there are three other mechanisms by which prokaryotes can exchange DNA. In (a) transformation, the cell takes up prokaryotic DNA directly from the environment. The DNA may remain separate as plasmid DNA or be incorporated into the host genome. In (b) transduction, a bacteriophage injects DNA into the cell that contains a small fragment of DNA from a different prokaryote. In (c) conjugation, DNA is transferred from one cell to another via a mating bridge that connects the two cells after the pilus draws the two bacteria close enough to form the bridge. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Structure of Prokaryotes. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44605/latest/Figure_22_02_09f.jpgView on Boundless.com

  27. Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea Domains of life Bacteria and Archaea are both prokaryotes, but differ enough to be placed in separate domains. An ancestor of modern Archaea is believed to have given rise to Eukarya, the third domain of life. Archaeal and bacterial phyla are shown; the evolutionary relationship between these phyla is still open to debate. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Structure of Prokaryotes. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44605/latest/Figure_22_02_03.jpgView on Boundless.com

  28. Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea Plasma membrane structure Archaeal phospholipids differ from those found in Bacteria and Eukarya in two ways. First, they have branched phytanyl sidechains instead of linear ones. Second, an ether bond instead of an ester bond connects the lipid to the glycerol. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Structure of Prokaryotes. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44605/latest/Figure_22_02_07f.jpgView on Boundless.com

  29. Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea Gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria Bacteria are divided into two major groups: gram-positive and gram-negative. Both groups have a cell wall composed of peptidoglycan: in gram-positive bacteria, the wall is thick, whereas in gram-negative bacteria, the wall is thin. In gram-negative bacteria, the cell wall is surrounded by an outer membrane that contains lipopolysaccharides and lipoproteins. Porins, proteins in this cell membrane, allow substances to pass through the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria. In gram-positive bacteria, lipoteichoic acid anchors the cell wall to the cell membrane. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Structure of Prokaryotes. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44605/latest/Figure_22_02_08f.pngView on Boundless.com

  30. Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea Bubonic plague The (a) Great Plague of London killed an estimated 200,000 people, or about twenty percent of the city's population. The causative agent, the (b) bacterium Yersinia pestis, is a gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium from the class Gamma Proteobacteria. The disease is transmitted through the bite of an infected flea, which is infected by a rodent. Symptoms include swollen lymph nodes, fever, seizure, vomiting of blood, and (c) gangrene. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Bacterial Diseases in Humans. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44607/latest/Figure_22_04_02.jpgView on Boundless.com

  31. Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea Salmonella enterica serovar typhi Salmonella enterica serovar typhi, the causative agent of typhoid fever, is a gram-negative, rod-shaped gamma protobacterium. Typhoid fever, which is spread through feces, causes intestinal hemorrhage, high fever, delirium and dehydration. Today, between 16 and 33 million cases of this re-emerging disease occur annually, resulting in over 200,000 deaths. Carriers of the disease can be asymptomatic. In a famous case in the early 1900s, a cook named Mary Mallon unknowingly spread the disease to over fifty people, three of whom died. Other Salmonella serotypes cause food poisoning. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Bacterial Diseases in Humans. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44607/latest/Figure_22_04_01.jpgView on Boundless.com

  32. Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea Bioremediation in the Exxon Valdez oil spill (a) Cleaning up oil after the Valdez spill in Alaska, workers hosed oil from beaches and then used a floating boom to corral the oil, which was finally skimmed from the water surface. Some species of bacteria are able to solubilize and degrade the oil. (b) One of the most catastrophic consequences of oil spills is the damage to fauna. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Beneficial Prokaryotes. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44609/latest/Figure_22_05_03ab.jpgView on Boundless.com

  33. Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea Regions of bacterial disease emergence The map shows regions where bacterial diseases are emerging or reemerging. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Bacterial Diseases in Humans. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44607/latest/Figure_22_04_03.jpgView on Boundless.com

  34. Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea The Five Stages of Biofilm Development Stage 1: initial attachment; stage 2: irreversible attachment; stage 3: maturation I; stage 4: maturation II; stage 5: dispersion. Each stage of development in the diagram is paired with a photomicrograph of a developing Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm. All photomicrographs are shown at the same scale. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Biofilm."CC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Biofilm.jpgView on Boundless.com

  35. Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea Nitrogen cycle Prokaryotes play a key role in the nitrogen cycle. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Prokaryotic Metabolism. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44606/latest/Figure_22_03_02.pngView on Boundless.com

  36. Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea Bacteria and radiation tolerance Deinococcus radiodurans, visualized in this false color transmission electron micrograph, is a prokaryote that can tolerate very high doses of ionizing radiation. It has developed DNA repair mechanisms that allow it to reconstruct its chromosome even if it has been broken into hundreds of pieces by radiation or heat. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Prokaryotic Diversity. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44603/latest/Figure_22_01_04.jpgView on Boundless.com

  37. Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea Biofilm Development Five stages of biofilm development are shown. During stage 1, initial attachment, bacteria adhere to a solid surface via weak van der Waals interactions. During stage 2, irreversible attachment, hairlike appendages called pili permanently anchor the bacteria to the surface. During stage 3, maturation I, the biofilm grows through cell division and recruitment of other bacteria. An extracellular matrix composed primarily of polysaccharides holds the biofilm together. During stage 4, maturation II, the biofilm continues to grow and takes on a more complex shape. During stage 5, dispersal, the biofilm matrix is partly broken down, allowing some bacteria to escape and colonize another surface. Micrographs of a Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm in each of the stages of development are shown. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Prokaryotic Diversity. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44603/latest/Figure_22_01_07.pngView on Boundless.com

  38. Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea Bacterial illnesses from food (a) Vegetable sprouts grown at an organic farm were the cause of an (b) E. coli outbreak that killed 32 people and sickened 3,800 in Germany in 2011. The strain responsible, E. coli O104:H4, produces Shiga toxin, a substance that inhibits protein synthesis in the host cell. The toxin (c) destroys red blood cells, resulting in bloody diarrhea. Deformed red blood cells clog the capillaries of the kidney, which can lead to kidney failure, as happened to 845 patients in the 2011 outbreak. Kidney failure is usually reversible, but some patients experience kidney problems years later. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Bacterial Diseases in Humans. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44607/latest/Figure_22_04_06f.jpgView on Boundless.com

  39. Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea Attribution • Wikipedia."archaea."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/archaea • Wiktionary."domain."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/domain • Wiktionary."prokaryote."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/prokaryote • Wikipedia."Prokaryote."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prokaryote • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44602/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary."sacculus."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sacculus • Wiktionary."gram-positive."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gram-positive • Wiktionary."stromatolite."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/stromatolite • Wiktionary."indel."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/indel • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44603/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wikipedia."Archaea."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea • Wiktionary."alkaliphile."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/alkaliphile • Wiktionary."halophile."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/halophile • Wiktionary."extremophile."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/extremophile • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 23, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44603/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44603/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary."osmotic pressure."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/osmotic_pressure Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  40. Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea • Wiktionary."plasmid."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/plasmid • Wiktionary."nucleoid."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nucleoid • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44605/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary."binary fission."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/binary_fission • Wiktionary."pilus."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pilus • Wiktionary."conjugation."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/conjugation • Wiktionary."transduction."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/transduction • Wiktionary."transformation."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/transformation • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44605/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary."chemotroph."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chemotroph • Wiktionary."micronutrient."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/micronutrient • Wiktionary."macronutrient."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/macronutrient • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44606/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary."nitrogen cycle."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nitrogen_cycle • Wiktionary."nitrogen fixation."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nitrogen_fixation • Wiktionary."carbon cycle."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/carbon_cycle • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44606/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary."zoonosis."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/zoonosis • Wiktionary."plague."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/plague Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  41. Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea • Wiktionary."pathogen."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pathogen • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 23, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44607/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44607/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary."nosocomial."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nosocomial • Wiktionary."biofilm."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/biofilm • Wikiversity."Bacterial biofilm."CC BY-SAhttp://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Bacterial_biofilm • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Signaling in Single-Celled Organisms. November 7, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44454/latest/ • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44607/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary."antibiotic."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/antibiotic • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44607/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary."serotype."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/serotype • Wiktionary."botulism."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/botulism • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44607/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary."nitrogen fixation."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nitrogen_fixation • Wiktionary."legume."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/legume • Wiktionary."abiotic."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/abiotic • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44609/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary."biotechnology."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/biotechnology • Wiktionary."fermentation."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fermentation Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  42. Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea • Wikipedia."Bread."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bread%23Bacteria • Wikipedia."Cheese."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheese • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44609/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary."biotransformation."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/biotransformation • Wiktionary."bioremediation."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bioremediation • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44609/latest/?collection=col11448/latest Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

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