Gandhi & India 1915 - 1948

1. Gandhi & India 1915 - 1948 World History : Grade 12

3. Key Terms / Words Viramgam 1915 Rowlatt Satyagraha Rowlatt Bill/Act General Hartal Protest Amritsar Massacre General Dyer ChauriChaura (NCM 1920-1922) Indian National Congress Hind Swaraj / Englistan Salt March

4. Gandhi’s first Satyagraha in India • 1915 : Viramgam over their customs cordon. • This customs cordon forced third class passengers to be medically inspected at the Viragram train station for sanitary reasons. • Problem : only third class passengers. • Gandhi explained that these passengers were treated like they were sheep, servants, and often missed the train as a result.

5. 1915 : Viramgam • When Gandhi was informed of the situation the first thing he asked was “are you prepared to go to jail” and the reply was “we will certainly go to jail, provided you lead us”. • Gandhi took this issue to the Bombay Government. • This was the beginning of Satyagraha in India.

6. Rowlatt Satyagraha : 1919 • After WWI there was a high level of dissatisfaction in India • The British had broken promises of more political freedom • Conflict • Riots

7. Rowlatt Satyagraha : 1919 • Justice Rowlatt • February 1919 the British introduced the Rowlatt Bill. • Gandhi took immediate action

8. Rowlatt Satyagraha : 1919 • Gandhi established a nationwide “general hartal protest” that was to begin April 6th 1919. He advised Indians not to venture into any economic activity with the British, which meant no purchases of merchandise and closing of factories and schools. • The British answer to all of this uproar came down to the establishment of the Marshall Law that put major limitations on political movements by Indians, and their right to assemble.

9. The Amritsar Massacre • April 13th 1919, the day of the holy festival of Baisakhi, more than 10,000 people gathered in the city’s JallinanwallaBagh (garden). • General Reginald Dyer (British Officer) and 50 soldiers attacked. • This resulted in the death of 379 people and about 1200 being badly wounded.

10. The Amritsar Massacre • “British’s true colors of violence when their goals were being threatened.” • This movement allowed Gandhi to be better known and his philosophy and politics of Satyagraha became widely accepted among India and the Indian National congress.

14. ChauriChaura (Non Cooperation movement 1920 -1922) • Significant because it showed that Gandhi believed in the principles of Satyagraha/Sarvodaya more than the outcome. • The goal was to not cooperate with the British’s unjust laws. • Gandhi asked his followers to leave there jobs, schools, and any British position.

15. ChauriChaura (NCM 1920 -1922) • February 1922 marked a turning point in the successful campaign. • Extreme violence was used against the British and people were killed. • Gandhi realized that he had to call off his campaign although he had been notably close to victory. • Beliefs and Principals

16. ChauriChaura (NCM 1920 -1922) • This proved that he would have to re-educate peasants and define more strict guidelines to his campaigns. • Peasants were very important to Gandhi’s movements because they were in his opinion the most pure, due to not being as heavily colonized. • Took 8 years before another movement (Salt March 1930)

17. The Indian National Congress (INC) : Gandhi’s role • Gandhi had always felt the need for a lack of government institutions • Hind Swaraj / Englistan • Wanted INC to be an NGO

18. The Indian National Congress (INC) : Gandhi’s role • Become president of INC for one year in 1925. • The goal was in Gandhi’s vision to turn the INC into a parallel government with an organized hierarchy. This allowed people from all walks of life in India to join the congress. (Anyone could join – Would help in future) • 1934 he retired from politics – Felt he was not needed and many people in the INC thought his views to be radical

21. 1930 : Salt March • Gandhi’s Salt March of 1930 represented the pinnacle of Gandhi’s success and power • Gandhi had learned from mistakes • Gandhi now had a global audience

22. 1930: Salt March • Gandhi had gained so many followers . When he started the Salt March he had 78 selected people, and by the time he walked his distance of 241 miles he had 1200 people with him. • Waiting till April 6th to actually walk down to the beach – Symbolic (Jallianwalabagh massacre). • Top leaders of the INC were jailed, including Gandhi, others took their place. (Gandhi arrested very early in campaign) • This fight against the Salt Tax was able to continue without Gandhi because he was able to set up such a structured and disciplined system that the British had no answer. • Gandhi showed up in Dandi with 1200 people, not long after 1700 ended up in jail.( Followers continued to grow)

23. 1930: Salt March • At the end of the Salt March the satyagrahis were unable to take over the Dharasana Salt works and the salt tax was not lifted. • The Salt March was able to provide a powerful symbol of what satyagraha’s potential was and that they were not to be taken lightly. • “The salt satyagraha received worldwide coverage and evoked global sympathy for the satyagrahis. Two years in a row, 1930 and 1931, Gandhi appeared on the cover of Time magazine, which also designated him “Man of the Year 1930.”

27. Salt March http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1sCsArbBloU

28. Independence 1947 • The period of the Second World War saw the peak of the campaigns by the Quit India movement (led by "Mahatma" Gandhi) • The Indian National Army (INA) movement (led by NetajiSubhas Chandra Bose) and others, eventually resulting in the withdrawal of the British. • 1947 – Independence • Gandhi is assassinated 1948 (78)

31. Assignment Write a 2 page (double spaced) essay on one of the following: Gandhi & Satyagraha Gandhi in South Africa – Why is it important? Is Gandhi a Global icon? Why? Gandhi and the Salt March Gandhi and his role in the independence of India Is Gandhi still relevant? Pick your own topic 

32. Rubric 20 marks 5 marks – Grammar and Spelling 5 marks – clear introduction and conclusion 10 marks – Clear answered your question 