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The Second Industrial Revolution

The Second Industrial Revolution. Article written by Ray Kurzweil. 1 st Industrial Revolution. Started with John Kay’s invention of flying shuttle, 1733 James Watt’s steam engine (1769) should be mentioned Characteristics: Mechanization.

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The Second Industrial Revolution

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  1. The Second Industrial Revolution Article written by Ray Kurzweil

  2. 1st Industrial Revolution • Started with John Kay’s invention of flying shuttle, 1733 • James Watt’s steam engine (1769) should be mentioned • Characteristics: Mechanization. • Impact on industry: shifted from cottage industry with craft to mass production with machine tools.

  3. John Kay Weaving machine with flying shuttle

  4. James Watt James Watt’s steam engine

  5. ‘Products’ of 1st Industrial Revolution • Steam engine; • Internal combustion engine; • Electricity, and its use: - • Train, automobile, airplane, ocean vessel; • Bulldozer, excavator; • Refrigerator, air-conditioner; • Skyscraper; • Weapon; -

  6. Steam engine car Henry Ford 1896

  7. Alessandro Volta (1745-1827)

  8. A bulldozer

  9. Wright Brother’s Airplane 1903

  10. 1st Industrial Revolution: a two-edge sword? • So many benefits and advantages it has brought to us. • Any negativity?

  11. Air pollution London, 1950s

  12. Luddite Movement • Founded in 1811. • Central issue: Workers’ job security threatened by mechanization and automation. • Automation vs. job has been a ‘pain’ issue in the process of industrial revolution, even up to now.

  13. Luddite Movement

  14. Automation vs. Jobs • Technological progress eliminates some current jobs. • Does new tech create more new jobs than those displaced? • Do the new jobs pay more of less than the older ones? • What about the workers who are displaced?

  15. New Jobs Created with 1st Industrial Revolution • In 1870, 31% of Americans, or 12 millions, had jobs • In 1985, 48% of Americans, or 116 millions, had jobs.

  16. Productivity Growth • GNP per capita was $530 in 1870, and $3,500 in 1970 (in 1958 dollars), which increase 6 times. • Percent of American workforce that involved in food production: In 1900, 34%; In 1990, only 3%.

  17. 2nd Industrial Revolution • It is now in progress. • Led and inspired by computers. • It extends and multiplies our mental abilities, comparing to the 1st industrial revolution that extends and multiplies our physical capabilities.

  18. ‘Products’ of 2nd Industrial Revolution • Computers (PCs, …) • Internet • Cell phones • CD, DVD, MP3, digital camera, … • GPS • Gene engineering • Embedded in most modern machines

  19. Potential Dangers • Humans are increasingly relying on machines whose intelligence may be as flawed as our own. • Technology can be, and is already, a powerful ally of the totalitarians and terrorists. – This danger is real, not ‘potential’.

  20. Product Values Less Visible • Computers use almost no natural resources. • Value of a ‘high tech’ product lies primarily in the ‘knowledge’ (rather than materials) it contains.

  21. Value of Knowledge and Technology • The value of knowledge and technology reflects the cost of research and development (R&D) of the product’s hardware and software, as well as the in maintaining the ability of continuing to advance and further the R&D.

  22. Computing Speed Doubled Every 2 Years • The power of computer technology (the ratio of speed over cost) has doubled every 18 to 24 months. • This is called the Moore’s Law.

  23. Gordon Moore Robert Noyce

  24. A Unprecedented Challenge to Our Superiority of Intelligence • The 1st industrial revolution has helped human become superior in physical capability. • The 2nd industrial revolution is helping machines achieve intelligence, which may become superior in mental capability on top of us. • Is our intelligence unique and insuperable?

  25. Copernicus’ Sun-Centered Theory • It is the earth that circles the sun, rather than the sun circles our earth. • Nicolaus Copernicus, Polish, 1473 – 1543, published his theory in book <On the Revolutions of Heavenly Spheres> in 1543.

  26. Heliocentric Model

  27. An Inexorable Advent • Machines that are getting smarter are a sword of two edges. It is looming large no matter whether we like it or not. • It cannot be stopped. • We need to comprehend it, live with it, harness it constructively, and turn threats into challenges.

  28. How Far Can 2nd Revolution Go? • The machines of 1st revolution have over performed our muscles. • Do you think the machines of 2nd revolution will over perform our brains?

  29. A Sustained and Divergent Process • Comparing to the 1st one, the 2nd industrial revolution is a continued process which will last long and whose impacts on human beings are divergent, boundless, and beyond estimation.

  30. What do you think? • “While the first industrial revolution increased the demand for and the value of natural resources, the second industrial revolution is doing the opposite.” (Bottom of page 8) • Do you agree? Why or why not?

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