ELIZABETH I & THE SPANISH ARMADA Elizabeth I

2. ELIZABETH I & THE SPANISH ARMADA Elizabeth I

3. ELIZABETH I & THE SPANISH ARMADA Elizabeth I - Red hair & fiery temper

4. ELIZABETH I & THE SPANISH ARMADA Elizabeth I - Red hair & fiery temper - Her makeup

5. ELIZABETH I & THE SPANISH ARMADA Elizabeth I - Red hair & fiery temper - Her makeup - Low taxes, freedom of speech, no inquisitions or witchhunts

6. In addition to being well educated and politically adept, Elizabeth was a skilled musician playing the lute and virginal (an early precursor to the piano), and dancer. Even into her 40s she could dance with youthful grace and energy such Italian dances as the lavolta which required one to step high and lively. When not dancing she would count the cadence for other dancers with an imperious foot.

7. Each summer, Elizabeth led her court on an annual “royal progress, a leisurely 1-2 month tour of the country that, in addition to avoiding disease stricken London, made her visible and accessible to her subjects. Accommodating the royal court was not cheap, since it typically traveled with up to 300 wagons and carts.

8. Much of Elizabeth’s appeal was she would give full attention to any entertainments her people would put on for her, such as this “wild man” covered with moss & ivy reciting a humorous poem for the queen while returning from the hunt. For subjects overawed by her majesty’s presence, she would warmly say “Be not afraid” to calm their nerves.

9. Popular entertainments for the common folk were somewhat rough and tumble, including bear baiting where spectators would bet on which dog would last longest while attacking a tethered bear. Other popular sports were logrolling, where the goal was to break as many of an opponent’s toes as possible, and cock-fighting where specially bred roosters with metal spurs and sharpened beaks would fight to the death. Even schoolboys were allowed to bring their killer birds to school each Shrove Tuesday so they could fight in the school cockpit.

10. Even the world’s most popular sport, soccer, has somewhat brutal roots in Elizabethan England. Each Shrove Tuesday, apprentices (with the close cut hair and woolen cap)s would engage in a no-holds-barred game with a leather-cased ball. The game had no apparent rules or restrictions except to get the ball to the other team’s end of town. Such games typically degenerated into brawls that offered opportunities to settle old scores. as one contemporary put it: “sometimes their necks are broken, sometimes their backs…sometimes one part thrust out of joint. “ Local residents and merchants hated his sport, scurrying to protect their goods while shouting curses and shaking their fists (sometimes from rooftops) at the rowdies

11. ELIZABETH I & THE SPANISH ARMADA Elizabeth I - Red hair & fiery temper - Her makeup - Low taxes, freedom of speech, no inquisitions or witchhunts ->GoodQueen Bess, Gloriana, Virgin Queen Elizabeth’sreligious settlement?

12. ELIZABETH I & THE SPANISH ARMADA Elizabeth I - Red hair & fiery temper - Her makeup - Low taxes, freedom of speech, no inquisitions or witchhunts ->GoodQueen Bess, Gloriana, Virgin Queen - Church of Eng.: mild Prot. theology & decorations w/Cath. ritual & org.

13. ELIZABETH I & THE SPANISH ARMADA Elizabeth I - Red hair & fiery temper - Her makeup - Low taxes, freedom of speech, No inquisitions or witchhunts ->GoodQueen Bess, Gloriana, Virgin Queen - Church of Eng.: mild Prot. theology & decorations w/Cath. ritual & org. - 5£ fine for not belonging to Church of Eng.

14. "Though you have had & may have many mightier & wiser princes, yet you never had nor shall have any that will love you better."--Elizabeth I

15. Elizabeth judges Venus, Juno, & Minerva, implying she set the standard for beauty & wisdom

16. ELIZABETH I & THE SPANISH ARMADA Elizabeth I - Red hair & fiery temper - Her makeup - Low taxes, freedom of speech, No inquisitions or witchhunts ->GoodQueen Bess, Gloriana, Virgin Queen - Church of Eng.: mild Prot. theology & decorations w/Cath. ritual & org. - 5£ fine for not belonging to Church of Eng. Factors-> war

17. ELIZABETH I & THE SPANISH ARMADA Elizabeth I - Red hair & fiery temper - Her makeup - Low taxes, freedom of speech, No inquisitions or witchhunts ->GoodQueen Bess, Gloriana, Virgin Queen - Church of Eng.: mild Prot. theology & decorations w/Cath. ritual & org. - 5£ fine for not belonging to Church of Eng. Factors-> war 1) Mary Qu. of Scots supported by Sp. Mary Stuart, Queen of Scot, whose Catholic sympathies and scandalous behavior got her deposed as queen of Scotland

18. Mary Stuart, Queen of Scot, whose Catholic sympathies and scandalous behavior got her deposed as queen of Scotland ELIZABETH I & THE SPANISH ARMADA Elizabeth I - Red hair & fiery temper - Her makeup - Low taxes, freedom of speech, No inquisitions or witchhunts ->GoodQueen Bess, Gloriana, Virgin Queen - Church of Eng.: mild Prot. theology & decorations w/Cath. ritual & org. - 5£ fine for not belonging to Church of Eng. Factors-> war 1) Mary Qu. of Scots supported by Sp. - Henry VIII's sister's grandaughter

19. ELIZABETH I & THE SPANISH ARMADA Elizabeth I - Red hair & fiery temper - Her makeup - Low taxes, freedom of speech, No inquisitions or witchhunts ->GoodQueen Bess, Gloriana, Virgin Queen - Church of Eng.: mild Prot. theology & decorations w/Cath. ritual & org. - 5£ fine for not belonging to Church of Eng. Factors-> war 1) Mary Qu. of Scots supported by Sp. - Henry VIII's sister's grandaughter -> Eliz's 1st cousin once removed Mary Stuart, Queen of Scot, whose Catholic sympathies and scandalous behavior got her deposed as queen of Scotland

20. Mary of Guise= Frances II of France=

21. ELIZABETH I & THE SPANISH ARMADA Elizabeth I - Red hair & fiery temper - Her makeup - Low taxes, freedom of speech, No inquisitions or witchhunts ->GoodQueen Bess, Gloriana, Virgin Queen - Church of Eng.: mild Prot. theology & decorations w/Cath. ritual & org. - 5£ fine for not belonging to Church of Eng. Factors-> war 1) Mary Qu. of Scots supported by Sp. - Henry VIII's sister's grandaughter -> Eliz's 1st cousin once removed - Being Fr.-> Sp didn't support her at 1st

22. ELIZABETH I & THE SPANISH ARMADA Elizabeth I - Red hair & fiery temper - Her makeup - Low taxes, freedom of speech, No inquisitions or witchhunts ->GoodQueen Bess, Gloriana, Virgin Queen - Church of Eng.: mild Prot. theology & decorations w/Cath. ritual & org. - 5£ fine for not belonging to Church of Eng. Factors-> war 1) Mary Qu. of Scots supported by Sp. - Henry VIII's sister's grandaughter -> Eliz's 1st cousin once removed - Being Fr.-> Sp didn't support her at 1st - Beautiful, alluring, & raised in Fr.

23. ELIZABETH I & THE SPANISH ARMADA Elizabeth I - Red hair & fiery temper - Her makeup - Low taxes, freedom of speech, No inquisitions or witchhunts ->GoodQueen Bess, Gloriana, Virgin Queen - Church of Eng.: mild Prot. theology & decorations w/Cath. ritual & org. - 5£ fine for not belonging to Church of Eng. Factors-> war 1) Mary Qu. of Scots supported by Sp. - Henry VIII's sister's grandaughter -> Eliz's 1st cousin once removed - Being Fr.-> Sp didn't support her at 1st - Beautiful, alluring, & raised in Fr. -> Fun loving, undip., immoral -> Deposed in 1568 -> Ran to Eliz.-> -> Imprisoned 17 yrs. No gosh durned Spaniard’s gonna overthrow Good Queen Bess if I have anything to say about it

24. ELIZABETH I & THE SPANISH ARMADA Elizabeth I - Red hair & fiery temper - Her makeup - Low taxes, freedom of speech, No inquisitions or witchhunts ->GoodQueen Bess, Gloriana, Virgin Queen - Church of Eng.: mild Prot. theology & decorations w/Cath. ritual & org. - 5£ fine for not belonging to Church of Eng. Factors-> war 1) Mary Qu. of Scots supported by Sp. - Henry VIII's sister's grandaughter -> Eliz's 1st cousin once removed - Being Fr.-> Sp didn't support her at 1st - Beautiful, alluring, & raised in Fr. -> Fun loving, undiplomatic., immoral -> Deposed in 1568 -> Ran to Eliz. -> Imprisoned 17 yrs. -> Exec. for plot vs. Eliz. The Execution of Mary queen of Scots

25. ELIZABETH I & THE SPANISH ARMADA Elizabeth I - Red hair & fiery temper - Her makeup - Low taxes, freedom of speech, No inquisitions or witchhunts ->GoodQueen Bess, Gloriana, Virgin Queen - Church of Eng.: mild Prot. theology & decorations w/Cath. ritual & org. - 5£ fine for not belonging to Church of Eng. Factors-> war 1) Mary Qu. of Scots supported by Sp. - Henry VIII's sister's grandaughter -> Eliz's 1st cousin once removed - Being Fr.-> Sp didn't support her at 1st - Beautiful, alluring, & raised in Fr. -> Fun loving, undip., immoral -> Deposed in 1568 -> Ran to Eliz.-> -> Imprisoned 17 yrs. -> Exec. for plot vs. Eliz. 2) Raids on Sp. shipping

26. Sir Francis Drake, the most notorious of the English “Sea dogs” ELIZABETH I & THE SPANISH ARMADA Elizabeth I - Red hair & fiery temper - Her makeup - Low taxes, freedom of speech, No inquisitions or witchhunts ->GoodQueen Bess, Gloriana, Virgin Queen - Church of Eng.: mild Prot. theology & decorations w/Cath. ritual & org. - 5£ fine for not belonging to Church of Eng. Factors-> war 1) Mary Qu. of Scots supported by Sp. - Henry VIII's sister's grandaughter -> Eliz's 1st cousin once removed - Being Fr.-> Sp didn't support her at 1st - Beautiful, alluring, & raised in Fr. -> Fun loving, undip., immoral -> Deposed in 1568 -> Ran to Eliz.-> -> Imprisoned 17 yrs. -> Exec. for plot vs. Eliz. 2) Raids on Sp. shipping - Drake's 3 raids & circumnav.

27. ELIZABETH I & THE SPANISH ARMADA Elizabeth I - Red hair & fiery temper - Her makeup - Low taxes, freedom of speech, No inquisitions or witchhunts ->GoodQueen Bess, Gloriana, Virgin Queen - Church of Eng.: mild Prot. theology & decorations w/Cath. ritual & org. - 5£ fine for not belonging to Church of Eng. Factors-> war 1) Mary Qu. of Scots supported by Sp. - Henry VIII's sister's grandaughter -> Eliz's 1st cousin once removed - Being Fr.-> Sp didn't support her at 1st - Beautiful, alluring, & raised in Fr. -> Fun loving, undip., immoral -> Deposed in 1568 -> Ran to Eliz.-> -> Imprisoned 17 yrs. -> Exec. for plot vs. Eliz. 2) Raids on Sp. shipping - Drake's 3 raids & circumnav. 3) Eng. aid to Dutch Revolt You bit my hand, you stupid cow I’m sick & tired of being the Milch cow of Europe

28. ELIZABETH I & THE SPANISH ARMADA Elizabeth I - Red hair & fiery temper - Her makeup - Low taxes, freedom of speech, No inquisitions or witchhunts ->GoodQueen Bess, Gloriana, Virgin Queen - Church of Eng.: mild Prot. theology & decorations w/Cath. ritual & org. - 5£ fine for not belonging to Church of Eng. Factors-> war 1) Mary Qu. of Scots supported by Sp. - Henry VIII's sister's grandaughter -> Eliz's 1st cousin once removed - Being Fr.-> Sp didn't support her at 1st - Beautiful, alluring, & raised in Fr. -> Fun loving, undip., immoral -> Deposed in 1568 -> Ran to Eliz.-> -> Imprisoned 17 yrs. -> Exec. for plot vs. Eliz. 2) Raids on Sp. shipping - Drake's 3 raids & circumnav. 3) Eng. aid to Dutch Revolt Philip's grand strategy

29. ELIZABETH I & THE SPANISH ARMADA Elizabeth I - Red hair & fiery temper - Her makeup - Low taxes, freedom of speech, No inquisitions or witchhunts ->GoodQueen Bess, Gloriana, Virgin Queen - Church of Eng.: mild Prot. theology & decorations w/Cath. ritual & org. - 5£ fine for not belonging to Church of Eng. Factors-> war 1) Mary Qu. of Scots supported by Sp. - Henry VIII's sister's grandaughter -> Eliz's 1st cousin once removed - Being Fr.-> Sp didn't support her at 1st - Beautiful, alluring, & raised in Fr. -> Fun loving, undip., immoral -> Deposed in 1568 -> Ran to Eliz.-> -> Imprisoned 17 yrs. -> Exec. for plot vs. Eliz. 2) Raids on Sp. shipping - Drake's 3 raids & circumnav. 3) Eng. aid to Dutch Revolt Philip's grand strategy - Pick up army in Neth's Philip II planned for his armada to transport his army from the Netherlands across the Channel in coastal barges such as these.

30. ELIZABETH I & THE SPANISH ARMADA Elizabeth I - Red hair & fiery temper - Her makeup - Low taxes, freedom of speech, No inquisitions or witchhunts ->GoodQueen Bess, Gloriana, Virgin Queen - Church of Eng.: mild Prot. theology & decorations w/Cath. ritual & org. - 5£ fine for not belonging to Church of Eng. Factors-> war 1) Mary Qu. of Scots supported by Sp. - Henry VIII's sister's grandaughter -> Eliz's 1st cousin once removed - Being Fr.-> Sp didn't support her at 1st - Beautiful, alluring, & raised in Fr. -> Fun loving, undip., immoral -> Deposed in 1568 -> Ran to Eliz.-> -> Imprisoned 17 yrs. -> Exec. for plot vs. Eliz. 2) Raids on Sp. shipping - Drake's 3 raids & circumnav. 3) Eng. aid to Dutch Revolt Philip's grand strategy - Pick up army in Neth's -> invade Eng.

31. ELIZABETH I & THE SPANISH ARMADA Elizabeth I - Red hair & fiery temper - Her makeup - Low taxes, freedom of speech, No inquisitions or witchhunts ->GoodQueen Bess, Gloriana, Virgin Queen - Church of Eng.: mild Prot. theology & decorations w/Cath. ritual & org. - 5£ fine for not belonging to Church of Eng. Factors-> war 1) Mary Qu. of Scots supported by Sp. - Henry VIII's sister's grandaughter -> Eliz's 1st cousin once removed - Being Fr.-> Sp didn't support her at 1st - Beautiful, alluring, & raised in Fr. -> Fun loving, undip., immoral -> Deposed in 1568 -> Ran to Eliz.-> -> Imprisoned 17 yrs. -> Exec. for plot vs. Eliz. 2) Raids on Sp. shipping - Drake's 3 raids & circumnav. 3) Eng. aid to Dutch Revolt Philip's grand strategy - Pick up army in Neth's -> invade Eng. -> Crush Dutch revolt

32. Henry of Navarre, leader of the French Huguenots ELIZABETH I & THE SPANISH ARMADA Elizabeth I - Red hair & fiery temper - Her makeup - Low taxes, freedom of speech, No inquisitions or witchhunts ->GoodQueen Bess, Gloriana, Virgin Queen - Church of Eng.: mild Prot. theology & decorations w/Cath. ritual & org. - 5£ fine for not belonging to Church of Eng. Factors-> war 1) Mary Qu. of Scots supported by Sp. - Henry VIII's sister's grandaughter -> Eliz's 1st cousin once removed - Being Fr.-> Sp didn't support her at 1st - Beautiful, alluring, & raised in Fr. -> Fun loving, undip., immoral -> Deposed in 1568 -> Ran to Eliz.-> -> Imprisoned 17 yrs. -> Exec. for plot vs. Eliz. 2) Raids on Sp. shipping - Drake's 3 raids & circumnav. 3) Eng. aid to Dutch Revolt Philip's grand strategy - Pick up army in Neth's -> invade Eng. -> Crush Dutch revolt -> Crush French Huguenots At least I’m not a cow

33. ELIZABETH I & THE SPANISH ARMADA Elizabeth I - Red hair & fiery temper - Her makeup - Low taxes, freedom of speech, No inquisitions or witchhunts ->GoodQueen Bess, Gloriana, Virgin Queen - Church of Eng.: mild Prot. theology & decorations w/Cath. ritual & org. - 5£ fine for not belonging to Church of Eng. Factors-> war 1) Mary Qu. of Scots supported by Sp. - Henry VIII's sister's grandaughter -> Eliz's 1st cousin once removed - Being Fr.-> Sp didn't support her at 1st - Beautiful, alluring, & raised in Fr. -> Fun loving, undip., immoral -> Deposed in 1568 -> Ran to Eliz.-> -> Imprisoned 17 yrs. -> Exec. for plot vs. Eliz. 2) Raids on Sp. shipping - Drake's 3 raids & circumnav. 3) Eng. aid to Dutch Revolt Philip's grand strategy - Get army in Neth's-> invade Eng. -> Dutch rebels-> Fr. Prot's 1587- Drake's raid on Cadiz

34. ELIZABETH I & THE SPANISH ARMADA Elizabeth I - Red hair & fiery temper - Her makeup - Low taxes, freedom of speech, No inquisitions or witchhunts ->GoodQueen Bess, Gloriana, Virgin Queen - Church of Eng.: mild Prot. theology & decorations w/Cath. ritual & org. - 5£ fine for not belonging to Church of Eng. Factors-> war 1) Mary Qu. of Scots supported by Sp. - Henry VIII's sister's grandaughter -> Eliz's 1st cousin once removed - Being Fr.-> Sp didn't support her at 1st - Beautiful, alluring, & raised in Fr. -> Fun loving, undip., immoral -> Deposed in 1568 -> Ran to Eliz.-> -> Imprisoned 17 yrs. -> Exec. for plot vs. Eliz. 2) Raids on Sp. shipping - Drake's 3 raids & circumnav. 3) Eng. aid to Dutch Revolt Philip's grand strategy - Get army in Neth's-> invade Eng. -> Dutch rebels-> Fr. Prot's 1587- Drake's raid on Cadiz -> Destroys seasoned barrel staves

35. ELIZABETH I & THE SPANISH ARMADA Elizabeth I - Red hair & fiery temper - Her makeup - Low taxes, freedom of speech, No inquisitions or witchhunts ->GoodQueen Bess, Gloriana, Virgin Queen - Church of Eng.: mild Prot. theology & decorations w/Cath. ritual & org. - 5£ fine for not belonging to Church of Eng. Factors-> war 1) Mary Qu. of Scots supported by Sp. - Henry VIII's sister's grandaughter -> Eliz's 1st cousin once removed - Being Fr.-> Sp didn't support her at 1st - Beautiful, alluring, & raised in Fr. -> Fun loving, undip., immoral -> Deposed in 1568 -> Ran to Eliz.-> -> Imprisoned 17 yrs. -> Exec. for plot vs. Eliz. 2) Raids on Sp. shipping - Drake's 3 raids & circumnav. 3) Eng. aid to Dutch Revolt Philip's grand strategy - Get army in Neth's-> invade Eng. -> Dutch rebels-> Fr. Prot's 1587- Drake's raid on Cadiz -> Destroys seasoned barrel staves - Spanish delays: poor org., cannons, typhus Spanish galleons, while as heavily armed with cannon as English ships, were still designed and used for the old boarding and grappling tactics more than for their firepower.

36. ELIZABETH I & THE SPANISH ARMADA Elizabeth I - Red hair & fiery temper - Her makeup - Low taxes, freedom of speech, No inquisitions or witchhunts ->GoodQueen Bess, Gloriana, Virgin Queen - Church of Eng.: mild Prot. theology & decorations w/Cath. ritual & org. - 5£ fine for not belonging to Church of Eng. Factors-> war 1) Mary Qu. of Scots supported by Sp. - Henry VIII's sister's grandaughter -> Eliz's 1st cousin once removed - Being Fr.-> Sp didn't support her at 1st - Beautiful, alluring, & raised in Fr. -> Fun loving, undip., immoral -> Deposed in 1568 -> Ran to Eliz.-> -> Imprisoned 17 yrs. -> Exec. for plot vs. Eliz. 2) Raids on Sp. shipping - Drake's 3 raids & circumnav. 3) Eng. aid to Dutch Revolt Philip's grand strategy - Get army in Neth's-> invade Eng. -> Dutch rebels-> Fr. Prot's 1587- Drake's raid on Cadiz -> Destroys seasoned barrel staves - Spanish delays: poor org., cannons, typhus - Hodge podge of merc. ships, Carib. escorts, galeasses, & galleons Mediterranean Galleasses such as this also played a prominent role in the Spanish Armada

37. Henry VIII’s Grace a Dieu, AKA Great Harry, was the first ship to carry a large number of guns, including some weighing two tons & capable of firing a 66-pound shot 500 yards. However it kept the old ship design with high castles & grappling hooks for close combat. Its keel length, 150’, was only twice its width. The crew of 700 included 400 soldiers, also reflecting the older style of warfare Philip's grand strategy - Get army in Neth's-> invade Eng. -> Dutch rebels-> Fr. Prot's 1587- Drake's raid on Cadiz -> Destroys seasoned barrel staves - Spanish delays: poor org., cannons, typhus - Hodge podge of merc. ships, Carib. escorts, galeasses, & galleons English ship design

38. Another of Henry VIII’s ships, the Mary Rose sinks in a storm after its gun ports, only 14” above the water line, were left open.. Loading large numbers of heavy cannon on the older style ships made them top heavy and more vulnerable to storms.

39. Philip's grand strategy - Get army in Neth's-> invade Eng. -> Dutch rebels-> Fr. Prot's 1587- Drake's raid on Cadiz -> Destroys seasoned barrel staves - Spanish delays: poor org., cannons, typhus - Hodge podge of merc. ships, Carib. escorts, galeasses, & galleons English ship design - Race built (razor): sleeker, no castles, more efficient sail arrangement The Naseby, a “race-built” warship from the 1650s, shows the sleeker hull design and more efficient sail arrangement first pioneered by the English at the time of the Armada. Its keel length of 131’ was three times its width. Its crew of 600, including officers, were all specialized sailors who could fight hand to hand if called upon. However, compared to Spanish ships, its strength lay in its speed and the firepower from its 80 guns

40. Philip's grand strategy - Get army in Neth's-> invade Eng. -> Dutch rebels-> Fr. Prot's 1587- Drake's raid on Cadiz -> Destroys seasoned barrel staves - Spanish delays: poor org., cannons, typhus - Hodge podge of merc. ships, Carib. escorts, galeasses, & galleons English ship design - Race built (razor): sleeker, no castles, more efficient sail arrangement - Mary Rose Armament - Henry's Flemish guns Henry VIII raises a toast in honor of the new naval cannons he has just received. He leveled a peasant village with them to make sure they worked right. At last, I can level my peasants’ villages in style.

41. Philip's grand strategy - Get army in Neth's-> invade Eng. -> Dutch rebels-> Fr. Prot's 1587- Drake's raid on Cadiz -> Destroys seasoned barrel staves - Spanish delays: poor org., cannons, typhus - Hodge podge of merc. ships, Carib. escorts, galeasses, & galleons English ship design - Race built (razor): sleeker, no castles, more efficient sail arrangement - Mary Rose Armament - Henry's Flemish guns - Gun carriages An 18 pounder (top) on two wheels

42. Philip's grand strategy - Get army in Neth's-> invade Eng. -> Dutch rebels-> Fr. Prot's 1587- Drake's raid on Cadiz -> Destroys seasoned barrel staves - Spanish delays: poor org., cannons, typhus - Hodge podge of merc. ships, Carib. escorts, galeasses, & galleons English ship design - Race built (razor): sleeker, no castles, more efficient sail arrangement - Mary Rose Armament - Henry's Flemish guns - Gun carriages An 18 pounder (top) on two wheels with a long trailer is much longer and harder to pull in for reloading on a ship compared to the much larger 24 pounder whose 4-wheel carriage made it much shorter and easier to load

43. Philip's grand strategy - Get army in Neth's-> invade Eng. -> Dutch rebels-> Fr. Prot's 1587- Drake's raid on Cadiz -> Destroys seasoned barrel staves - Spanish delays: poor org., cannons, typhus - Hodge podge of merc. ships, Carib. escorts, galeasses, & galleons English ship design - Race built (razor): sleeker, no castles, more efficient sail arrangement - Mary Rose Armament - Henry's Flemish guns - Gun carriages - 1500's gunnery: An 18 pounder (top) on two wheels with a long trailer is much longer and harder to pull in for reloading on a ship compared to the much larger 24 pounder whose 4-wheel carriage made it much shorter and easier to load

44. Philip's grand strategy - Get army in Neth's-> invade Eng. -> Dutch rebels-> Fr. Prot's 1587- Drake's raid on Cadiz -> Destroys seasoned barrel staves - Spanish delays: poor org., cannons, typhus - Hodge podge of merc. ships, Carib. escorts, galeasses, & galleons English ship design - Race built (razor): sleeker, no castles, more efficient sail arrangement - Mary Rose Armament - Henry's Flemish guns - Gun carriages - 1500's gunnery: powder, An 18 pounder (top) on two wheels with a long trailer is much longer and harder to pull in for reloading on a ship compared to the much larger 24 pounder whose 4-wheel carriage made it much shorter and easier to load

45. Philip's grand strategy - Get army in Neth's-> invade Eng. -> Dutch rebels-> Fr. Prot's 1587- Drake's raid on Cadiz -> Destroys seasoned barrel staves - Spanish delays: poor org., cannons, typhus - Hodge podge of merc. ships, Carib. escorts, galeasses, & galleons English ship design - Race built (razor): sleeker, no castles, sails - Mary Rose Armament - Henry's Flemish guns - Shorter gun carriages-> easier relooading -> 3X firepower - 1500's gunnery: Powder expensive & uneven in quality, rocking

46. Philip's grand strategy • - Get army in Neth's-> invade Eng. • -> Dutch rebels-> Fr. Prot's • 1587- Drake's raid on Cadiz • -> Destroys seasoned barrel staves • - Spanish delays: poor org., cannons, typhus • - Hodge podge of merc. ships, Carib. escorts, • galeasses, & galleons • English ship design • - Race built (razor): sleeker, no • castles, more efficient sail • arrangement • - Mary Rose • Armament • - Henry's Flemish guns • Shorter gun carriages • -> Easier relooading • -> 3X firepower • 1500's gunnery: Powder • uneven in quality & • expensive; ship’s rocking • - Eng. crews all sailors->?

47. Philip's grand strategy • - Get army in Neth's-> invade Eng. • -> Dutch rebels-> Fr. Prot's • 1587- Drake's raid on Cadiz • -> Destroys seasoned barrel staves • - Spanish delays: poor org., cannons, typhus • - Hodge podge of merc. ships, Carib. escorts, • galeasses, & galleons • English ship design • - Race built (razor): sleeker, no • castles, more efficient sail • arrangement • - Mary Rose • Armament • - Henry's Flemish guns • Shorter gun carriages • -> Easier relooading->3X firepower • 1500's gunnery: Powder • uneven in quality & • expensive; ship’s rocking • Eng. crews all sailors • -> More unified & co-ordinated

48. Philip's grand strategy - Get army in Neth's-> invade Eng. -> Dutch rebels-> Fr. Prot's 1587- Drake's raid on Cadiz -> Destroys seasoned barrel staves - Spanish delays: poor org., cannons, typhus - Hodge podge of merc. ships, Carib. escorts, galeasses, & galleons English ship design - Race built (razor): sleeker, no castles, more efficient sail arrangement - Mary Rose Armament - Henry's Flemish guns - Shorter gun carriages-> easier relooading -> 3X firepower - 1500's gunnery: Powder expensive & uneven in quality, rocking - Eng. crews all sailors-> more unified - Sp. crews largely soldiers ->?

49. Philip's grand strategy - Get army in Neth's-> invade Eng. -> Dutch rebels-> Fr. Prot's 1587- Drake's raid on Cadiz -> Destroys seasoned barrel staves - Spanish delays: poor org., cannons, typhus - Hodge podge of merc. ships, Carib. escorts, galeasses, & galleons English ship design - Race built (razor): sleeker, no castles, more efficient sail arrangement - Mary Rose Armament - Henry's Flemish guns - Shorter gun carriages-> easier relooading -> 3X firepower - 1500's gunnery: Powder expensive & uneven in quality, rocking - Eng. crews all sailors-> more unified - Sp. crews largely soldiers -> Disunity & more mouths to feed

50. Philip's grand strategy - Get army in Neth's-> invade Eng. -> Dutch rebels-> Fr. Prot's 1587- Drake's raid on Cadiz -> Destroys seasoned barrel staves - Spanish delays: poor org., cannons, typhus - Hodge podge of merc. ships, Carib. escorts, galeasses, & galleons English ship design - Race built (razor): sleeker, no castles, more efficient sail arrangement - Mary Rose Armament - Henry's Flemish guns - Shorter gun carriages-> easier relooading -> 3X firepower - 1500's gunnery: Powder expensive & uneven in quality, rocking - Sp. crews largely soldiers -> Disunity & more mouths to feed Tactics