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POU/POE Devices as Final Barriers

POU/POE Devices as Final Barriers. Joseph F. Harrison, P.E., CWS-VI Technical Director Water Quality Association jharrison@wqa.org. Barriers against Contaminants in Water. Sanitary Survey Source Water Management Central Water Treatment Pretreatment Filtration Disinfection

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POU/POE Devices as Final Barriers

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  1. POU/POE Devices as Final Barriers Joseph F. Harrison, P.E., CWS-VI Technical Director Water Quality Association jharrison@wqa.org

  2. Barriers against Contaminants in Water • Sanitary Survey • Source Water Management • Central Water Treatment • Pretreatment • Filtration • Disinfection • Distribution System Management and • POE/POU Devices in Homes?

  3. Why the Final Barrier?

  4. Product Usage Habits Percentages do not add to 100% because of multiple response

  5. POU/POE as a Final Barrier • Aesthetic Concerns • Treatment Effects • DBP Levels • Process Changes, Lead & Copper Levels • Distribution Related Effects • Corrosion Products • Microbial Intrusions • Endemic Diseases • Security Issues • MCL Vs MCLG

  6. POU/POE Technologies • POU & POE technologies –mostly miniaturized versions of central treatment • Several different technologies usually available for the treatment of any contaminant • Many small & large companies involved in POU and POE water treatment • Standards & Certification programs provide higher level of confidence and credibility now than in prior years

  7. History of POU and POE Products • Aesthetic enhancement – historical • Slow evolution to health related claims • ANSI/NSF Standards in 1980’s • ANSI accredited testing and certification – NSF, UL, WQA • State certifications – IA, WI, CA • Automatic water quality monitors and end of life indicators– 1990’s

  8. NSF/ANSI American National Standards • Std. 42: Aesthetic Effects • Std. 44: POE softeners – Hardness, Barium, Radium • Std. 53: Health effects – Lead, Cysts, TTHM, VOC, MTBE, Arsenic, etc, • Std. 55: Ultraviolet light (UV) – POE & POU Class A & B • Std. 58: Reverse Osmosis Systems • Std. 62: Distillers • All: Structural Integrity, Material Safety, Treatment Performance, and Approval of Labeling and Literature

  9. Today’s Manufacturers and Product Variations • 70+ manufacturers, large and small • Product types: pitchers, faucet attached, under sink, counter top, whole-house • State-of-the-Art Technologies: Carbon Block, Fine Filters, Specialty Media, RO, UV, Ozone, Distillation • Capacities: 35 to over 100,000 gallons @1 to 20 gallons per min

  10. Types of Products • Personal water bottle • Pour through pitcher • Countertop Units connected to sink faucet • Faucet attached filters • Plumbed-in units • Plumbed-in units with separate faucet • Shower Filters • Whole-house water treatment Devices (POE)

  11. Contaminants Reduced by these Devices • Particulates • Inorganics • Radium & Other Radionuclides • Volatile Organic Chemicals • Synthetic Organic Chemicals • Microbials

  12. INORGANICS

  13. POU/POE Technologies for Inorganics • Water Softener – Barium & Radium Only • Media Filters – Arsenic, Asbestos, Lead, & Mercury • RO – All Inorganics • Distillers – All Inorganics (Except for Asbestos, Radium, & Nitrites not covered presently in Std 62)

  14. POU Reverse Osmosis systems and Filters

  15. Inorganics Included in NSF/ANSI Standards Arsenic, Asbestos, Barium, Cadmium, Copper, Fluoride, Chromium (Hexavalent & Trivalent), Lead, Mercury, Nitrite & Nitrate, Perchlorate, Radium 226/228, Selenium

  16. Lead Level Survey for Systems>50K (USEPA 2000-2004)

  17. POU & POE Products Certified for Inorganic Reduction

  18. Figure 6: Arsenic V Reduction TM Plymouth Products, Inc. Granular Ferric Hydroxide - GFH Total Arsenic Concentration vs. Gallons of Water at pH = 8.5 100 Feed, Total As EBCT = 10.6 sec. Unit #1, Total As Unit #2, Total As 10 ppb Line 75 Arsenic Concentration (ug/l) 50 25 0 0 75 150 225 300 375 450 525 600 675 750 825 Gallons of Water with a 50/50 Cycle at 0.60gpm #01211-1

  19. RADIONUCLIDES

  20. Radium Reduction By Ion Exchange • Relative affinity of ions for cation resins: Radium 13.0 Barium 5.8 Calcium 1.9 Magnesium 1.67 Sodium 1.0

  21. Radium & Barium Reduction • 33 Water Softeners made by 3 companies have been certified for such reduction by Certifiers • A steady state of operation is achieved for Radium sorption when a Softener is operated in normal fashion • Radium never breaks through before Hardness in all of the experiments conducted by Dennis Clifford and his coworkers. This has also been substantiated by Vern Snoeyink’s work at University of Illinois

  22. POE Water Softeners

  23. POU Products For Radionuclides Reduction • POU RO & POU IE recognized by EPA as Available Compliance Technologies for Small Systems for the Reduction of Radium and many other Radionuclides • Many POU RO have been certified for Radium Reduction (147 products by 33 companies) • Some POU products have been certified for Radon reduction • No Known POU IE Products currently in the Market. Also No Protocol in Std 53 or Std 44 • No Protocol for other Radionuclides in any of the Standards at this time

  24. ORGANICS

  25. Disinfection Byproducts

  26. Range of DBPs in Large Surface Water Plants (USEPA 2000)

  27. TTHM & HAA5 Levels in Small Plants (USEPA 2001)

  28. Volatile Organics • EPA’s limitation is to use only POE for VOC Reduction from a compliance point of view due to concerns about dermal and inhalation related risks • There are no POE unit however tested and certified for VOC Reduction by any of the testing and certification organizations at this time • Use of Certified POU units while not fully protective, does reduce at least that portion of the risk associated with consumption

  29. Synthetic Organics Reductions Included in Standard 53 • Chloroform Reduction has been substantiated as a surrogate for these synthetic organics: Alachlor, Atrazine, Carbofuron, 2,4-D, Dibromochloropropane, Dinoseb, Endrin, Ethylene Dibromide, Heptachlor, Heptachlor Epoxide, Hexachlorocyclopentadiene, Lindane, Methoxychlor, Pentachlorophenol, Simazine, 2,4,5-TP (Silvex) --Plus 34 other Volatile Organic Chemicals (VOCs) • The following can be tested by themselves separately: Chlordane, PCBs, Toxaphene

  30. ProductsCertified for Organics • For such VOC & SOC Reduction Claims: 25 companies and 115 POU products • For Chlordane, PCBs, & Toxaphene Reduction Claims: 7 companies and 45 POU products

  31. Surrogate Testing With Chloroform • 300 ppb chloroform in the influent water to be reduced to below 15 ppb in the effluent water during the entire test. • A unit with an end of life indicator is tested to remove contaminants for 120% of its claimed life. • A unit without an end of life indicator is tested to remove contaminants for 200% of its claimed life. • An example of an actual test of a unit with a claimed life of 500 gal with a shut off device is shown here next:

  32. Actual Life TestChloroform surrogate VOC reduction for 500 gallons allowed claim

  33. MICROBIOLOGICAL CONTAMINANTS

  34. Estimate of number of cases of AGI in USA attributable to Drinking Water By Colford et al, J. Water & Health 4, Suppl 02, 2006 (Based on studies funded by CDC & USEPA) • With an assumption of 90% risk being associated with source water contamination or inadequate treatment ESTIMATED NUMBER – 4.26 to 11.69 million per year • With an assumption of 90% risk being associated with contamination in the distribution system ESTIMATED NUMBER – 10.87 to 11.69 million per year

  35. Microbiological Purification • New Comprehensive ANSI/NSF Standard for all Microbial Issues in Development • Cyst Reduction Covered in Std 53 • Std 55 & Std 62 Cover Specific Aspects of Microbial Issues • Std 55 recently updated using MS2 as a surrogate for validation of UV Units • Std 62 uses B.subtiles as a surrogate to validate the capability of a distiller

  36. EPA Guide Standard & Protocol • Drafted in 1987. Covers Halogenated Resin, UV, and Ceramic Filters. Has become the reference Guide in this area • Uses Raoultella terrigena, a mixture of polio & simian rota viruses, and Giardia (Crypto) Cysts as Test Organisms • Requires reduction of 6 logs of bacteria, 4 logs of viruses, and 3 logs of cysts under a set of operating conditions of water quality and sequence of cycles and sampling

  37. Standard 55 – UV Units • Uses MS2 Bacteriophage and Verifies the UV Dose at the set point to be no less than 40 mJ/sqcm for Class A Performance. Requires the use of UV Sensors for sounding an alarm when not effective • This Dose level has been universally accepted as capable of yielding more than 4 log Inactivation of Viruses (except adeno), 6 logs of bacteria, and 3 logs of Crypto & Giardia • Units certified for Class B are to be offered only for Aesthetic Improvement

  38. UV Units Certified by NSF Intl • 17 POE products made by 5 companies have been listed as of now. • 3 POU Products by one company carry such certification • Certified POE Products have been verified to be operable at flow rates ranging from 8 to 18 gpm, appropriate for single home point of entry applications

  39. Purifier Protocol Testing • Outside the Standard Related Activity, NSF and many Universities such as U of AZ and U of S FL offer Performance Tests using the Guide Protocol as the general Basis • Shown are the Actual Data from tests done by U of AZ on a POU Distiller Product & a POU UV Product

  40. BACTERIA E.coli, S.typhimurium, S.dysentariae, C.jejuni, Y.enterocolitica, V.cholerae, M.fortutium, R.terrigena VIRUSES HAV, Adeno type2, Polio, Simian rota CRYPTO >99.9999 >99.9999 >99.99 >99.9 Purifier Test Data- Distiller

  41. BACTERIA E.coli, S.typhimurium, S.dysentariae, V.cholerae, R.terrigena VIRUSES Polio & simian rota CRYPTO & GIARDIA >99.9999 >99.999 >99.9 Purifier Test Data- UV UNIT

  42. Newer Microbial Devices • POE Ultrafiltration units • POU RO Systems with/without added Microbial filters • Combination Filter systems with Microbial filters

  43. MCL Vs MCLG

  44. MCL, MCLG, TT • Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) - The highest level of a contaminant that is allowed in drinking water. MCLs are set as close to MCLGs as feasible using the best available treatment technology and taking cost into consideration. MCLs are enforceable standards. • Maximum Contaminant Level Goal (MCLG) - The level of a contaminant in drinking water below which there is no known or expected risk to health. MCLGs allow for a margin of safety and are non-enforceable public health goals • Treatment Technique - A required process intended to reduce the level of a contaminant in drinking water.

  45. MCL Vs MCLG (Microorganisms)

  46. MCL Vs MCLG (Disinfection Byproducts)

  47. MCL Vs MCLG (Inorganics)

  48. MCL Vs MCLG (Organics)

  49. MCL Vs MCLG (Organics) Cont.

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