Communication in Organisations

1. Communication in Organisations BSBCMN205A Use Business Technology Session Session 2 Select and Use Technology

2. Session Outcome From this session students will to use workspace, furniture & equipment to suit the ergonomic requirements of the user. Technology should be used according to organizational requirements in a way which promotes a safe work environment.

3. ERGONOMICS For the ergonomic slides I am indebted to Raylene M. Blandino M.S., PA-C www-conf.slac.stanford.edu/itsf05/papers/blandino_we0413.ppt

4. ERGONOMICS-What is it? • Derived from two Greek words: • “Nomoi” meaning natural laws • “Ergon” meaning work • Hence, ergonomists study human capabilities in relationship to work demands

5. History • As early as 18th century doctors noted that workers who required to maintain body positions for long periods of time developed musculoskeletal problems. • Within last 20 years research has clearly established connections between certain job tasks and RSI or MSD.

6. What two elements are at work? • Static work: musculoskeletal effort required to hold a certain position, even a comfortable one. Example: sit & work at computers; keeping head and torso upright requires small or great amounts of static work depending on the efficiency of the body positions we chose.

7. Elements at work (cont) • Force: amount of tension our muscles generate Example: tilting your head forward or backward from a neutral, vertical position quadruples the amount of force acting on your lower neck vertebrae • Increased force is d/t increase in muscular tension needed to support head in a tilted position

8. 3 Main Ergonomic Principles: • Work activities should permit worker to adopt several different healthy and safe postures. • Muscle forces should be done by the largest appropriate muscle groups available • Work activities s/b performed with joints at about mid-point of their ROM (esp. head,trunk,UE)

9. FACTS • The average person working at a keyboard can perform 50,000 to 200,000 keystrokes a day • Overexertion, falls & RMI are the most common cause of workplace injury • An average of 125,000 back injuries due to improper lifting each year. • Muscles overuse results in tiny tears in the muscles and scarring; these contribute to inflammation and muscle stiffness

10. A Bit of Anatomy !! • Overuse and small repetitive movements ie: CTD, RSI, MSD disturb balance of muscles, tendons, ligaments and nerves • Brachial plexus: nerve group that supply muscles and skin of UE, course down side of front of neck and become median, ulnar and radial nerves. • Nerves send signals to muscles to contract • When nerve compressed feel sensation somewhere b/w point of compression and fingertips

11. What causes Nerve Compression or Entrapment? • Repeated motions • Tight muscles • Inflammation of surrounding tissues • Misalignment of the nerve

12. What are 4 Common Nerve injuries? • Thoracic Outlet Syndrome: brachial plexus compression d/t muscle tightness side of neck from poor head position or slumped posture. S/Sx: numbness/tingling in hand, made worse w/overhead activities or cradling phone b/w ear and shoulder

13. Nerve injuries (cont) • Radial tunnel syndrome: compressed radial nerve @ outside of elbow d/t repetitive wrist & finger extension or turning of forearm S/Sx: Sensations from elbow to base of thumb w/ wrist weakness a common sx

14. Nerve injuries (cont) • Cubital tunnel syndrome: ulnar nerve compression inside of the elbow d/t repetitive bending of elbow or resting your elbow on a hard surface S/Sx: numbness or tingling and inside of arm w/ tingling to ring & little fingers

15. Nerve injuries (cont) • Carpal tunnel syndrome: compression of median nerve at level of carpal tunnel Where is carpal tunnel? Formed @ wrist by ligament over the carpal bones in hand S/Sx: numbness or tingling in thumb, index, or middle finger & ½ of ring finger; often awakened @ night by hand “falling asleep” Sx increased by driving or attempting to hold objects; dropping objects is a common complaint

16. Tendons and Tendonitis • Tendons are connective tissue that attach muscle to bone; have little stretch or rebound • Tendon overuse, static or prolonged position=inflammation or tendonitis • Tendons of wrist & hand very small; @ high risk for injury w/ overuse • “Tennis elbow” or lateral epicondylitis affects finger extensor tendons outside of elbow • “Golfer’s elbow” or medical epicondylitis affects finger flexor tendons inside of elbow

17. What to do ?? • Warm up & stretch before activities that are repetitive, static or prolonged • Take frequent breaks from ANY sustained posture every 20-30 minutes • Respect pain- positions or stop painful activity • Recognize early signs of inflammatory process, & tx early PREVENT, PREVENT, PREVENT !!!

18. Maintain Neutral Posture • Maintain erect position of back& neck w/ shoulders relaxed • Position equipment & work directly in front of and close to your major tasks • Keep upper arms close to the body, elbows 90-100 degrees • Keep feet flat on floor, upper body weight resting on “sits bones” • Wrists as neutral as possible; safe zone for wrist movement is 15 degrees in all directions

19. You talking to me? • Avoid bending neck forward for prolonged periods of time (*remember quadruple the force); use a copy holder • Avoid static positions for prolonged time; muscles fatigue---MOVE to circulation!

20. Modify Tasks: • Alternate activities frequently; rotate heavy &/or repetitive tasks w/ lighter less repetitive ones. • If sx become worse REASSESS task setup & look for alternative methods • Avoid repetitive or prolonged grip activities • Avoid pinching w/ wrist in flexion or wrist deviation (bending to side) • Take frequent breaks to stretch & rest hands

21. Body Mechanics • Use the largest joints & muscles to do the job • Use 2 hands to lift rather than one, even with light objects and tasks. • Avoid lifting w/ the forearm in full pronation (palm down) or supination (palm up) • Slide or push & pull objects instead of lifting • Keep reaching to a minimum • Carry objects close to body at waist level

22. Correct & Incorrect Techniques

23. Good and Bad of “ TILT”

24. ERGO REMINDERS from Stretchbreak.com

25. Practice Wellness at Work and Home ! Exercise Relaxation Nutrition Spirit Mind Body

26. MOVE STRETCH BREATHE

27. An ounce of Prevention is worth a pound of cure !

28. Equal Opportunity • In Australia national and local laws cover equal employment opportunity and anti-discrimination in the workplace. • All employers are required by these laws to create a workplace free from discrimination and harassment. • It’s important that you, as an employer, understand your rights and responsibilities under human rights and anti-discrimination law in Australia.

29. Equal Opportunity - 2 • By putting effective anti-discrimination and anti-harassment procedures in place in your business you can improve productivity and increase efficiency. • The Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission (HREOC) has a range of fact sheets and brochures to help you develop effective policies and best practice guidelines.

30. Equal Opportunity - 3 • Legislation • Anti-discrimination provisions are contained in a number of federal Acts, including the: • Racial Discrimination Act 1975 • Sex Discrimination Act 1984 • Disability Discrimination Act 1992 • Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission Act 1986. The Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission administers these Acts.

31. Equal Opportunity - 4 • What to do... • Read about your employer responsibilities on the Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission website. • Check the HREOC publication list for useful information.   • Refer to the Workplace website for information on avoiding discrimination in employment. http://www.workplace.gov.au/ • Find out about equal opportunity and anti-discrimination in your state or territory. • See: http://www.business.gov.au/

32. Workplace Relations Act 1996 • The importance of preventing discrimination is also stressed in the principal objects of the Workplace Relations Act 1996 (Cwth), which refers to respecting and valuing the diversity of the workforce by helping to prevent and eliminate discrimination on the basis of race, colour, sex, sexual preference, age, disability, marital status, family responsibilities, pregnancy, religion, political opinion, national extraction or social origin.

33. Anti-Discrimination Legislation • All states and territories have some form of anti-discrimination legislation, which generally covers the same areas as the federal legislation. • In some states there may be other types of discrimination added to those listed above. • For example, in Western Australia it is unlawful to discriminate against someone because of a spent criminal conviction.

34. Federal vs. State Legislation • Federal legislation allows state legislation to remain valid and the state legislation operates in a way that does not affect the operation of the federal legislation.

35. Who do I turn to? • Employees who suffer discrimination may apply to the federal Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission or a State tribunal such as the WA Equal Opportunity Act. • After one tribunal deals with an employee’s complaint, another tribunal cannot deal with it a second time. • http://www.hreoc.gov.au

36. Western Australia Equal Opportunity Act 1984 (WA) Grounds of unlawful discrimination • Sex, sexual orientation, marital status, pregnancy, race, religious or political conviction, age, racial harassment, impairment, family responsibility or family status, gender history. • Other unlawful conduct • Sexual harassment; racial harassment.

37. Western Australia Equal Opportunity Act 1984 (WA) -2 • Areas covered • Employment; partnerships; professional or trade organisations; qualifying bodies; employment agencies; applicants and employees and commission agents; application forms; advertisements; education; access to places and vehicles; provision of good services and facilities; accommodation; clubs; land.

38. Western Australia Equal Opportunity Act 1984 (WA) -3 Process for decision making • Complaint must be in writing to the Commissioner for Equal Opportunity. • It is then assessed and if within jurisdiction is investigated and conciliation attempted. • If unsuccessful, the matter is referred to the Equal Opportunity Tribunal for hearing and legally enforceable determination .

39. Occupational Health & Safety • You can find a copy of that Act here: • http://www.slp.wa.gov.au/legislation/agency.nsf/docep_main_mrtitle_650_homepage.html • For the Worksafe site (WA) see: • http://www.docep.wa.gov.au/WorkSafe/ • The office safety page can be found at: • http://www.docep.wa.gov.au/WorkSafe/Content/Safety_Topics/Office_safety/index.htm • This includes topics such as “Do visual display units affect your eyesight?” and “How much space should there be behind a desk?”

40. Computer security • It’s a system of safeguards designed to protect a computer system and data from deliberate or accidental damage or access by unauthorized persons. • The simplest is example is the logon procedure, requiring the user to enter an ID and password recognised by the system.

41. Three main security issues with data that needs to be protected • Unauthorised disclosure of Information • Unauthorised modification of Information • Unauthorised withholding of Information

42. SECURITY TIPS • 1. Use protection software "anti-virus software" and keep it up to date. • 2. Don't open unknown, unscanned or unexpected email attachements. • 3. Use hard-to-guess passwords. • 4. Protect your computer from Internet intruders -- use "firewalls". • 5. Don't share access to your computers with strangers. Learn about file sharing risks.

43. SECURITY TIPS continued.. • 7. Back up your computer data. • 8. Disconnect from the Internet when not in use. • 9. Regularly download security protection update "patches". • 10. Check your security on a regular basis. Understand the risks and use measures to minimize your exposure. • 11. Share security tips with family members, co-workers and friends.

44. What to be done!! • Secured Waste • Passwords • Internal controls • Auditor checks

45. Microsoft Operating System Auto Update • Routinely run the Microsoft System Update Service or selecting the option to have the update service run automatically.

46. To enable Microsoft Auto Update (Windows NT, 2000, XP): On the taskbar at the bottom of your screen, click Start, Settings, and then click Control Panel. Open Automatic Updates. Select the auto update solution that works best for you. **Your computer must be on and connected to the internet to use Microsoft’s automatic update feature

47. Securing Your Computer-BasicsPasswords and System Accounts • Protect System and User accounts • Disable GUEST • Disable or delete unused accounts • Rename Administrator account • Use strong passwords on all accounts • NEVER use blank passwords • Disable auto-login setup on your system

48. Securing Your Computer-BasicsPasswords and System Accounts • To manage accounts: Right Click “My Computer”, choose “Manage”

49. Securing Your Computer-More Advanced • Turn On Auditing • Control Panel>Performance and Maintenance>Administrative Tools>Local Security Policy

50. Continued..