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Chapter 8

Chapter 8. Interventions. What is an intervention (treatment)?. An activity or set of activities that help to achieve the outcomes stated in the goals & objectives A theory-based strategy or experience to which those in the priority population will be exposed or in which they will take part

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Chapter 8

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  1. Chapter 8 Interventions

  2. What is an intervention (treatment)? • An activity or set of activities that help to achieve the outcomes stated in the goals & objectives • A theory-based strategy or experience to which those in the priority population will be exposed or in which they will take part • Occurs between two points in time

  3. O1 X O2 • Where: • O1 = pre-program measurement / observation • X = intervention (treatment) • O2 = post-program measurement / observation

  4. Characteristics of Good Interventions • Want most effective (leads to desired outcomes) • Want most efficient (uses resources in a responsible manner) • Dose is important (single vs. multiple activity intervention) • If possible, tailor the intervention to the priority population

  5. Let’s look at the different types of strategies than can comprise an intervention... • Be aware… • CDC classification system • Not mutually exclusive

  6. Health Communication Strategies • Usually a part of most interventions • Types • Intrapersonal (ex. health care) • Interpersonal (ex. small classes) • Organizational (ex. newsletters) • Mass media (ex. PSAs)

  7. Health Communication activities can be delivered many different ways (called channels)… • Computers, Internet, Tailored Emails • Video and audio teleconferencing • Telephones • Individual initiated - ex. help lines • Outreach - called by health educator / counselor / coach • Mass media • In person • Printed materials

  8. Health Education Strategies • Traditional - facilitator/learner • Many other means - self-taught, groups, technology, etc

  9. Health Policy / Enforcement Strategies • Includes executive orders, laws, ordinances, policies. position statements, regulations, formal / informal rules • Mandated or regulated activities • Political - can take away freedoms, pride, $, psyche • Based on common good

  10. Health Engineering Strategies • Those designed to change structure or types of services, or systems of care to improve delivery of health promotion (CDC, 2003) • Those things that are around the individual • Some call them environmental changes

  11. Health-related Community Service Strategies • Examples include… • HRAs/HHAs • Biometric screenings • Services, tests, or treatments to improve health • Check-ups, exams • Reduce barriers - affordability, accessibility • Referrals and follow-ups are important

  12. Community Mobilization Strategies • Community Organizing - bring people together to solve community problem or goal • Community Building - an orientation to a community that is strength-based & stresses community assets • Community Advocacy - process in which those in the community become involved in the institutions & decisions that impact their lives

  13. Community Mobilization Strategies (con’t.) • Advocacy activities • Personal visits • Community rally • Telephone call campaigns • Email campaigns • TV / radio appearances to present a view • Letter-writing to key people to educate or thank • Letter-writing to newspaper editors (congratulate / shame on you) • Auld’s steps p. 191-193 of textbook

  14. Other Strategies • Behavior Modification Activities • Systematic process • Based on SR theory • Process • Keep records • Analyze the records • Create a plan to modify the behavior • For example...

  15. Other Strategies (con’t.) • Organizational cultural • Like people, organizations also have a “culture”. The culture of an organization expresses what is and what is not considered important for the organization.

  16. Other Strategies (con’t.) • Incentives (receiving) • Anticipation of rewards • Increases probability of behavior • Matching motivation & incentives • Types - social, material, miscellaneous • Disincentives (taking away) • Discourages behavior • Can range from intrapersonal to public policy levels

  17. Other Strategies (con’t.) • Social support activities • Providing support & be a willing partner • Types • Support groups and “buddy” systems • Social activities • Social networks

  18. Creating Health Promotion Interventions • Criteria & guidelines for developing interventions • APHA / CDD • Risk factor, special needs, effective, efficient, well organized, planned, & evaluated • Codes of practice • ex. ACSM • Designing appropriate interventions - questions to ask

  19. Do the strategies fit the goals & objectives? Questions to Ask At what level of prevention? At what level(s) of influence? Strategies based on appropriate theory? Intervention appropriate fit for the priority population? Effective, efficient, successful in past? Available resources? Number of strategies (dose)? Planned intervention

  20. Chapter 8 Interventions - The End

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