Chapter 22: The Early Industrial Revolution, 1760-1851

1. Chapter 22: The Early Industrial Revolution, 1760-1851

2. Causes of the Industrial Revolution • Population Growth – Columbian exchange, younger marriages, more kids • The Agricultural Revolution – new foods, new methods, new tools • (all equal more food) • Potatoes & Corn – more food per acre & feed for livestock • Enclosure – consolidated and enclosed, tenant farmers looking for work; move to cities • More workers than there are jobs

3. Technology – increases efficiency, decreases need for human labor • Britain & Continental Europe • Rise of Industrialization in Britain – put inventions into practice more quickly than others • British Advantages over Europe • Fast flowing rivers • Large amts iron ore and coal • Natural harbors • Large merchant fleet and navy • 1789-1815 Revolutions & Wars (helped Britain to • protect technologies) • *Brits pass laws forbidding anyone who manufactures and/or repairs textiles machines to leave country w/o permission • - Samuel Slater

4. Causes of the Industrial Revolution…continued • Rise of Industrialization in Europe • Continental Europe attempts to follow Britain’s lead • Encouraged private investors (joint-stock companies) • Politics favorable to businesses • Money to be made off increased trade • Abundant coal & iron-ore throughout Europe

5. Impetus for industrialization: • Cottage Industry - mass production through division of labor (China – Song dynasty; iron prod – 11th century) • New machines & mechanization • Flying shuttle, Spinning Jenny, Water frame, Mule, etc • Cotton gin – cotton prod and replaceable parts • Why so important? • Increase in the manufacture of iron (China – Song dynasty) • Machines, tools, etc • Steam Engine – more reliable consistent source of pwr • - no longer confined to being near river • Electric telegraph http://inventors.about.com/od/indrevolution/ss/Industrial_Revo_5.htm

6. Mass Production: Pottery – making identical items by breaking the process into simple tasks • Wedgwood Pottery • Increase in tea/coffee drinking – vessels that would not contaminate flavor • Josiah Wedgewood imitated China’s porcelain • Becomes member of the Royal Society • Division of labor – increased productivity, lowered costs • Used a steam engine in his factory (purchased from two other members of Royal Society) • Mechanization: The Cotton Industry – application of machines to manufacturing • Whitney’s Cotton Gin

7. Innovations in Cotton Manufacturing • Flying shuttle – greatly sped up weaving of threads to make textiles • Spinning Jenny – greatly sped up spinning of cotton threads (downside was threads were soft and irregular; had to be used with linen – flax) • Richard Arkwright: Water Frame (initially powered by water) – stronger thread • Samuel Crompton: Mule – finer, more even thread • British textiles able to compete successfully with high quality textiles (handmade) from India • Inventions spurred on more mechanization • Increased manufacturer productivity • Lower prices for the consumer • Luddites (1811-2) – backlash against technology (some serious machine bashing) Why were textiles a sure winner?

8. Innovations in Iron Making • Often assoc w/Deforestation (expensive & restricted) • Darby’s coke – coal w/impurities removed = cheaper; albeit lower grade iron • Darby’s grandson built a bridge of iron • Crystal Palace – showcase greenhouse for 1851 Great Exhibition

9. The Steam Engine • The Newcomen and Watt Engines • Newcomen – used to pump H2O out of mines • Watt improves on it with condenser & allowed rotary motion • Steamboats and ships • US – a nation moved by steam (1st water, then land) • 1838 – cross the Atlantic by steam

10. Railroads – cheaper, faster, opens up travel • 1829 – Liverpool to Manchester – Rocket approx 30 mph • Railroads in America – opened up farm lands to markets • Could now transport large amt of prod over land • Railroads in Europe – satisfied need for transportation

11. Communication over wires • Electric Telegraph (1837) • Samuel Morse – transmitted on a single wire • Strung along railroads • Increased speed of communication

12. Impact of the early Industrial Revolution • New Industrial cities – towns grew too fast (urbanization) • sewage out the window, cheap/quick buildings, fire hazards, no bldg/safety codes • Rural Environments • North America - nature as an obstacle to be conquered • Europe – population up, land scarce, woodlands denuded, national transportation networks • Industry & Slavery – sugar/coffee/cotton demand = more slaves

13. Working Conditions • Unskilled, repetitive, unsafe • Accidents frequent • Phossy Jaw • Women & Children in Industry • Initially domestic servants or work @ home • Women earned 1/3 to 2/3 less then men • No family life, stress on marriage • No time for childhood or school • children 14-16 hours a day just like adults

14. Workers had no rights No health/safety codes in factories No overtime, vacation time, holidays, etc (Typical work week 84-96 hr) Owners could use whatever means they deemed necessary to motivate workers Typically one 30-60 min break once a day Sometimes paid in scrip

15. Changes in Society • Handloom Weavers vs. Factory Workers • Improvements and setbacks • 1792-1815 – price of food rose faster than wages • 1820’s – food prices fell, wages rose • 1845-51 – Irish potato famine, min of ¼ died, ¼ left • (reliance on lumbar – over 90% of crop destroyed) • Irish eat potatos at every meal • - more emigrate to America than any other country • Worst famine in history (proportionally) • English exploit famine • “Irish Holocaust”

16. The New Middle Class = beneficiaries, “nouveau riche” • Middle-Class Women and middle-class attitudes • “Cult of domesticity” – a woman's place is in the home • Olympe de Gouges, The Declaration of the Rights of Woman (September 1791) • http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/293/ • 1792 – Mary Wollstonecraft “Vindication of the Rights of Women” English, argues for the rights of women to an education and opportunities equal to a man’s. • 1848 – Resolutions passed at the Seneca Falls Conference to increase the rights of women. • When do all women finally get the right to vote in England and America (after what major event)? http://etext.virginia.edu/toc/modeng/public/WolVind.html Vindication of the Rights of Women

17. New economic and political belief systems • Laissez Faire • Adam Smith • Wealth of Nations – government - stay out of business (Laissez Faire) • those seeking personal gain will promote general welfare by providing products that will benefit society. • Prices will be determined by “Invisible Hand” of the market • Invisible Hand - ? • Promoted free-market capitalism, believed in private ownership • Challenged mercantilism – (govt control)

18. Other thinkers • Thomas Malthus – population will out grow ability of agriculture to feed • Believed war and famine were natural checks on population growth • Humans should practice artificial population control (delay marriage, abstinence, etc) • Jeremy Bentham – Utilitarianism (govt should look out for all citizens) • Advocated for govt regulation of business and society • Fredrich List (German) – argued for tariffs; disagreed with Laissez Faire trade • Fledgingly industrial societies could not compete with Britiain (Zollverein) • Positivism – scientific method applied to society, three stages of society • Believed Sci Method could solve social problems • Workers form communities under guidance of caring owners/businessmen • Other unrealistic ideas included utopian socialism

19. Sadler Commission – Commission to examine conditions during Ind Rev; focused mainly on issue of child labor Reform Bill 1832 – reforms to voting system; concentrated lessening corruption (most citizens were dissappointed with result – minimum income or property requirement still in place) • Factory Act of 1833 – limits to child labor & working hours A young person (13-18) no more than 12 hrs, and a child (9-13) no more than 9 hrs Mines Act of 1842 – no women or children (under 10) underground • Corn Law tariffs repealed in 1846 http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/IR1833.htm

20. Workers Organizations – Chartism = universal male suffrage, secret ballots, pay for representatives, and annual elections. “Sun never set on the British Empire” Egypt – Britain took steps to ensure a weak Egypt – effectively killing Egyptian industrialization efforts (Suez Canal & Egyptian cotton) India – “Jewel in the Crown” of the British empire – discouraged domestic industry

21. Opium Wars - Nemesis China – “Spheres of influence” – Western industrialized nations begin to divide China up Nemesis Letter to Queen Victoria British supplant India as world’s leading producer of textiles Sepoy Rebellion - Ethnocentrism http://www.victorianweb.org/history/empire/opiumwars/nemesis.htm