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a ppendicitis Inflammation of the appendix. a scites Abnormal amounts of serous fluids in the peritoneal cavity. b orborymus gurgling or rumbling sounds heard over large intestines. c irrhosis chronic liver disease ineffective liver function and jaundice.
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ascitesAbnormal amounts of serous fluids in the peritoneal cavity
borborymusgurgling or rumbling sounds heard over large intestines
cirrhosischronic liver disease ineffective liver function and jaundice
diverticular diseaseThese sacs, called diverticula, occur more often after the age of 40. When they become inflamed, the condition is known as diverticulitis. Diverticula are thought to develop as a result of high pressure or abnormal pressure in the colon. High pressure against the colon wall causes pouches of the intestinal lining to bulge outward through small defects in the colon wall that surround blood vessels.
DysenteryDysentery is a general term for a group of gastrointestinal disorders characterized by inflammation of the intestines, particularly the colon. Characteristic features include abdominal pain and cramps, straining at stool (tenesmus), and frequent passage of watery diarrhea or stools containing blood and mucus. The English word dysentery comes from two Greek words meaning "ill" or "bad" and "intestine."
fistulaFistula is a permanent abnormal passageway between two organs in the body or between an organ and the exterior of the body. Fistulas can arise in any part of the body, but they are most common in the digestive tract
GERD gastroesophageal reflux diseaseGastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a condition in which the stomach contents (food or liquid) leak backwards from the stomach into the esophagus (the tube from the mouth to the stomach). This action can irritate the esophagus, causing heartburn and other symptoms.
hematocheziaEtymology: Gk, haima + chezo,feces The passage of red blood through the rectum. The cause is usually bleeding in the colon or rectum, but it may result from the loss of blood higher in the digestive tract although blood passed from the stomach or small intestine generally loses its red coloration through enzymatic activity on the erythrocytes. Cancer, colitis, and ulcers are among causes of hematochezia.
hemorrhoidHemorrhoids are painful, swollen veins in the lower portion of the rectum or anus.
herniaA hernia is usually a sac formed by the lining of the abdominal cavity (peritoneum). The sac comes through a hole or weak area in the fascia, the strong layer of the abdominal wall that surrounds the muscle.
Compare and contrast About Inflammatory Bowel Disease Inflammatory bowel disease (which is not the same thing as irritable bowel syndrome, or IBS) refers to two chronic diseases that cause inflammation of the intestines: ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Although the diseases have some features in common, there are some important differences. Ulcerative colitis is an inflammatory disease of the large intestine, or colon. In ulcerative colitis, the inner lining (mucosa) of the intestine becomes inflamed and develops ulcers. Ulcerative colitis is often the most severe in the rectal area, which can cause frequent diarrhea. Mucus and blood often appear in the stool if the lining of the colon is damaged. Crohn'sdisease differs from ulcerative colitis in the areas of the bowel it involves — it most commonly affects the last part of the small intestine (ileum) and parts of the large intestine. However, it isn't limited to these areas and can attack any part of the digestive tract. Crohn's disease causes inflammation that extends much deeper into the layers of the intestinal wall and generally tends to involve the entire bowel wall, whereas ulcerative colitis affects only the lining of the bowel.
inflammatory bowel disease inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a group of inflammatory conditions of the colon and small intestine. The major types of IBD are Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.
Crohn diseaseCrohn’sdisease is an ongoing disorder that causes inflammation of the digestive tract, also referred to as the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Crohn’s disease can affect any area of the GI tract, from the mouth to the anus, but it most commonly affects the lower part of the small intestine, called the ileum. The swelling extends deep into the lining of the affected organ. The swelling can cause pain and can make the intestines empty frequently, resulting in diarrhea.
irritable bowel syndromeIrritable bowel syndrome is a disorder characterized most commonly by cramping, abdominal pain, bloating, constipation, and diarrhea. IBS causes a great deal of discomfort and distress, but it does not permanently harm the intestines and does not lead to a serious disease, such as cancer. Most people can control their symptoms with diet, stress management, and prescribed medications.
JaundiceNormally, about 1% of our red blood cells retire every day, to be replaced by fresh red blood cells. The old ones are handled by the liver. Bilirubin is left after blood cells are disposed of. It leaves the body in the stool.When too much bilirubin (yellow pigment) builds up in the body, jaundice may result. Jaundice can be caused by: Too many red blood cells retiring for the liver to handle The liver being overloaded or damaged The bilirubin from the liver is unable to move through the biliarytract biliarytract to the gut The skin may turn a yellow-to-orange color if you ingest too much beta carotene, the orange pigment in carrots. In this condition, the whites of the eyes remain white. People with true jaundice often have a yellowish tinge to the eyes.
obesityObesity or the state of being overweight is defined as an excess of body fat that usually results in a significant impairment of health. A person is considered obese when the size or number of fat cells in his/her body exceeds the normal rate.
obesity - FYI • Studies show that there are three major factors that contribute to obesity. According to the health experts, factors such as behavior, genes, and age may have a big effect in causing people to be overweight and obese. When a person has a slow metabolism, he/she is prone to gaining weight, because the food taken in is not being converted to energy. Most people who are in advanced ages are susceptive to obesity because their metabolism rate slows down. Eating too many calories and not getting enough physical activity will also result to energy imbalances that oftentimes lead to being overweight. Obesity may also be related to genetics. Genes are also related to the cause of obesity in disorders such as Bardet-Biedl syndrome and Prader-Willi syndrome. • According to the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) in United States, being obese could cause people to shorten their life expectancies. The significant reduction in the life expectancies of obese people is due to the diseases and complications associated with obesity which likely to appear at younger ages. The most common obesity-related health conditions are diabetes, heart disease, osteoarthritis, respiratory problems, depression, infertility, kidney problems and even cancer.
polypA polyp is an abnormal growth of tissue projecting from a mucous membrane. If it is attached to the surface by a narrow elongated stalk it is said to be pedunculated. If no stalk is present it is said to be sessile. Polyps are commonly found in the colon, stomach, nose, sinus(es), urinary bladder, small intestines, cervix and uterus.
colonic polyposisA polyp is an extra piece of tissue that grows inside your body. Colonic polyps grow in the large intestine, or colon. Most polyps are not dangerous. However, some polyps may turn into cancer or already be cancer. To be safe, doctors remove polyps and test them. Polyps can be removed when a doctor examines the inside of the large intestine during a colonoscopy.
polyposisPolyposis describes a condition where there are a lot of polyps
UlcerUlcers are crater-like sores (generally 1/4 inch to 3/4 inch in diameter, but sometimes 1 to 2 inches in diameter) which form in the lining of the stomach (called gastric ulcers), just below the stomach at the beginning of the small intestine in the duodenum (called duodenal ulcers) or less commonly in the esophagus (called esophageal ulcers).
VolvulusAbnormal twisting of the intestine which can impair the blood flow to the intestine. Volvulus can lead to gangrene and death of that segment of the gastrointestinal tract, intestinal obstruction, perforation of the intestine, and peritonitis. The stomach, small intestine, cecum, and sigmoid colon are all subject to volvulus.
barium enemaA barium enema, or lower gastrointestinal (GI) examination, is an X-ray examination of the large intestine (colon and rectum). The test is used to help diagnose diseases and other problems that affect the large intestine. To make the intestine visible on an X-ray picture, the colon is filled with a contrast material containing barium.
barium swallowA barium swallow is a test that may be used to determine the cause of painful swallowing, difficulty with swallowing, abdominal pain, bloodstained vomit, or unexplained weight loss
endoscopy • means looking inside and typically refers to looking inside the body for medical reasons using an endoscopean instrument used to examine the interior of a hollow organ or cavity of the body. Unlike most other medical imaging devices, endoscopes are inserted directly into the organ.
upper endoscopy Upper GI endoscopy, referred to as EGD (esophagogastroduodenoscopy), is a visual examination of the upper intestinal tract using a lighted, flexible fiberoptic or video endoscope. The upper gastrointestinal tract begins with the mouth and continues with the esophagus (food tube) which carries food to the stomach.
lower endoscopy A lower endoscopic ultrasonography or EUS allows your doctor to look at your large intestine. The large intestine is also called the colon or bowels. Other organs close to this area may also be viewed. An ultrasonic endoscope is used. This is a narrow, flexible tube that passes through the rectum and into the large intestine. The tube has a sound transmitter in the tip to produce ultrasound pictures.
Stool guaiac If the test is performed in an office or hospital, stool may be collected by a doctor during an examination. If the test is performed at home, a stool sample from three consecutive bowel movements is collected, smeared on a card, and mailed to a laboratory for processing.
UltrasonographyInvolves exposing part of the body to high-frequency sound waves to produce pictures of the inside of the body. Ultrasound exams do not use ionizing radiation (as used in x-rays). Because ultrasound images are captured in real-time, they can show the structure and movement of the body's internal organs, as well as blood flowing through blood vessels.
