1/21 Daily Catalyst

1. 1/21 Daily Catalyst • 1. What type of bonds hold the secondary protein structures together? • 2. Give an example of an ionic bond. • 3. What gives proteins their primary structure?

2. 1/21 Daily Catalyst • 1. What type of bonds hold the secondary protein structures together? • Hydrogen Bonds • 2. Give an example of an ionic bond. • Na-Cl • Positive and a negative charge • 3. What gives proteins their primary structure? • The sequence of bases in the DNA

3. 1/21 Class Business • Career Day extra credit • Quiz #15 on Friday • Organelles • Tutoring on Thursday • Ricky and Jibran I do not appreciate cleaning up after you on Friday

4. 1/21 Agenda • Daily Catalyst • Class Business • Chemistry Mini final • Trade and grade • Organelle Notes • Work Time

5. Quiz #14 • 1. D • 2. B • 3. D • 4.B • 5. C • 6. A • 7. B • 8. C • 9. C • 10. C • 11. D • 12. A • 13. A • 14. D • 15. B • 16. C

6. Quality Points • 32/32 4.0 • 30/32 3.7 • 28/32 3.6 • 26/32 2.7 • 24/32 2.0 • 22/32 1.4 • 20/32 .8 • 18/32 .2 • 16/32 .1

7. Note time • Directions: Fill in your organelle graphic organizer. This is your study guide for the cell test and the AP Exam!

8. The nucleus By: Talha Chaudhry, Anthony Li, Tyler Bird

9. The Nucleus • Think of it as the "Control Center" or "Headquarters" of the cell. It’s a highly specialized organelle that serves as the information processing and administrative center of the cell. This organelle has two major functions: it stores the cell's hereditary material, or DNA, and it coordinates the cell's activities, which include growth, intermediary metabolism, protein synthesis, and reproduction (cell division). Also, it has three parts to it: The nucleolus, the cell membrane, and the chromosomes.

10. The Nucleolus • The Nucleolus is a non-membrane bound structure that contains proteins and nucleic acids found within the nucleus. It also produces subunits which together form the ribosomes and its ultra-structure can be seen through an electron microscope. • It also holds your chromosomes, which are your genes.

11. The Nuclear membrane • The semipermeable membrane surrounding the nucleus • Protects the inner part of the nucleus

12. Chromosomes • Chromosomes are small structures contained in a cell's nucleus. They are made up of genes containing DNA, the carrier of genetic information. When a cell divides, the DNA sequence is copied for each gene, creating a copy of the entire chromosome and it's genetic instructions, for the new cell.

13. Structure

14. Interesting Fact(s) • Prokaryotes do not have nuclei • It was the first organelle to be discovered. • It's the largest cellular structure in animals. • Discovered by Ernest Rutherford in 1911.

15. Cell Wall By: Ramon Gaitan and Blake Roussel

16. Functions • Maintaining/Determining shape of the plant cell. • Support and Mechanical strength. This allows plants to grow and hold out leaves to obtain light. • It acts as a physical barrier. An xxampleis keeping pathogens out. • Carbohydrate storage (cellulose) • Has a metabolic role. The cell wall allows for H2O, O2, and CO2 to diffuse in and out of the cell. • Prevents the cell membrane from rupturing in a hypotonic solution. • Cell walls also signal by fragments in the wall, called oligosaccharins, which acts as hormones in plants.  

17. Structure • The cell wall consists on three layers: • 1. Middle Lamella-This is the first layer formed during cell division. It makes up the outer wall of the cell and is shared by adjacent cells. It is composed of pectic compounds and protein. • 2. Primary Wall-This is formed after the middle lamella and consists of a rigid skeleton of cellulose microfibrils embedded in a gel-like matrix composed of pectic compounds, hemicellulose, and glycoproteins. • 3. Secondary wall-Formed after cell enlargement is completed. The secondary wall is extremely rigid and provides compression strength. It is made of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. The secondary wall is often layered.

19. Key Facts • Only found in plants, fungi, and bacteria. • When plant cells divide, a new cell wall is formed between the two dividing cells to separate them. • The cell wall contains plasmodesmata, which are narrow channels that act as intercellular cytoplasmic bridges to facilitate communication and the transport of materials between plant cells.

20. 1/22 Daily Catalyst • 1. Contrast the rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum. • 2. Illustrate the form DNA takes on when the cell is not dividing. • 3. Predict the effect of a virus that destroys the nucleolus.

21. 1/22 Daily Catalyst • 1. Contrast the rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum? • The rough ER contains ribosomes for ribosome packaging and the smooth ER makes lipids and detoxes the cell. • 2. Illustrate the form DNA takes on what the cell is not dividing. • 3. Predict the effect of a virus that destroys the nucleolus. • The ribosome would not form and rRNA would not be made.

22. 1/22 Class Business • Quiz #15 on Friday • Organelles • Plants vs. Animals • Tutoring on Thursday

23. 1/22 Agenda • Daily Catalyst • Class Business • Organelle notes • Work time

24. 1/22 Objective • Today, we will be able to explain how organelles contribute to cell functions.

25. Note time • Directions: Fill in your organelle graphic organizer. This is your study guide for the cell test and the AP Exam!

26. RIBOSOMES • Because protein synthesis is important, large number of ribosomes are found throughout the cell. • Function- • site of proteins synthesis • Reads RNA information and use it to create proteins (translation)

27. LOCATION • In eukaryotes ribosomes are bound to endoplasmic reticulum (bound ribosome) • -in prokaryotes, ribosomes are found freely in cytosol (free ribosome)

28. Structure What do they look like? Large subunit and small subunit The large unit binds to the tRNA and amino acids. The small subunit binds to mRNA

29. Key facts • What if ribosomes do not work properly ? • The whole process of protein synthesis stops, and the cell will eventually die • Diamond-blackfan anemia • Cartilage hair hypoplasia

30. Plasma Membrane By Jibran and Ricky

31. Structure • It is made from a phospholipid bilayer • Hydrophilic heads point outwards towards water • Hydrophobic tails remain inside

32. Function • The plasma membrane forms the outer boundaries of the cell. • It prevents contaminants from entering the cell. • It uses proteins to allow certain materials that can’t enter through the semi permeable membrane.

33. MITOCHONDRIA Tiffany Chuang LeyanGranda

34. FUNCTION • Energy factory of the cell (most commonly known as the “powerhouse” of the cell) • Mitochondrion provide energy in the form of ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate). It is a molecule that stores all the energy that comes from foods. • ATP is produced via cellular respiration in the mitochondria and photosynthesis in chloroplasts.

36. Mitochondrion have a double membrane. • The inner membrane is highly folded to form structures called cristae. The inner section is called the matrix. • Mitochondria are too small to be seen from a light microscope. • There may be thousands of mitochondria in one cell. • Although most of a cell's DNA is contained in the nucleus, the mitochondrion has its own independent genome.

37. Centrosomes By Paige and Tyler A.

38. What is the Function? • Centrosomes are the Microtubule Organizing Center of the cell and is where microtubules (spindles) are produced. • During cell replication the centrosomes divide into two centrioles. • In animal cells, centrioles can be found; however, in plants they cannot.

39. Model of an animal cell with centrosome labeled Actual photos

40. KEY POINT Microtubules grow outward from the centrosome. The negative ends of these microtubules are embedded in the centrosome, while the positive ends terminate near the cell membrane.

41. Central vacuole

42. Definition • A vacuole is a characteristic type of organelle found in plant and fungi cells and many single-cell organisms. The single large vacuole of the cell is surrounded by a membrane, called the tonoplast, and filled with a solution of water, dissolved ions , sugars, amino acids , and other materials

43. Functions • Storage • Breakdown of waste products • Hydrolysis of macromolecules

44. Facts • Maintains an acidic internal pH • Recycling center for worn out organelles • In a mature cell, the vacuole may occupy as much as 90 percent of the cell volume. The rest of the cell contents are flattened against the cell membrane.

45. Microvilli By: Elizabeth Radkovich and Brittany Persick

46. Functions of Microvilli • Projections that increase the cell surface area • Useful for absorption and secretion functions • Microvilli helps with cellular adhesion and mechanotransduction(refers to the many mechanisms by which cells convert mechanical stimulus into chemical activity).

47. Structure of Microvilli • Microvilli are tiny, finger extensions of the plasma membrane that are filled with cytoplasm and "stiffened" by having a core of actin filaments.

48. Key points and interesting facts Some microvilli are specialized parts of sensory organs, such as, the ear, tongue, and nose. Others assist internal organs to function properly.

49. Cytoskeleton By: Santos Macias & Nohelia Gonzalez 

50. The cytoskeleton is a series of intercellular proteins that acts as both muscle and skeleton, for movement, shape, and stability. The cytoskeleton mediates movement by helping the cell move in its environment and mediating the movement of the cell's components.