隨堂作業

1. 隨堂作業 • 何謂生命條碼Barcode of Life? • 何謂基因Gene? • 「生命條碼 （Barcode of Life，簡稱ＢＯＬ） 」是一種創新、簡便、迅速的鑑識系統，利用基因的片段來標示物種，有如圖書出版的ＩＳＢＮ全球通用碼一般，讓每個物種都有獨特的身分證；美國已經開始利用這項工具管理食用魚類、環境監測、農產品進出口等工作。 • 參考資料：http://sa.ylib.com/read/readshow.asp?FDocNo=1282&CL=18 • http://www.labmed.org.tw/member/PDF/8%E8%97%8D%E6%97%BC%E6%9A%89.pdf

2. mRNA Cell – Chromosome – Gene – mRNA – Protein The Central Dogma

3. RNA Replication DNA Replication Transcription DNA RNA Protein Translation Reverse Transcription The Flow of Genetic Information The Central Dogma – 分子生物學的中心教條: DNA  DNA DNA-dependent DNA Polymerase (DNA Replicase) DNA RNA DNA-dependent RNA Polymerase (Transcriptase) RNA  DNA RNA-dependent DNA Polymerase (Reverse Transcriptase) RNA RNA RNA-dependent RNA Polymerase (RNA Replicase) DNA 合成酶、轉錄酶、反轉錄酶、RNA合成酶

4. From DNA sequence to amino acid sequene: gene (a) gene in DNA (template strand) codon mRNA (codons) (b) anticodon (c) tRNA (anticodons) amino acids (d) protein (amino acids)

5. Chromosome “Painting” and Trisomic 21 Trisomy 21 Incidence of ~ 1/800 Phenotype: Mental retardation Congenital heart disease Premature senility Trisomic 21 = Down Syndrome = 唐氏症

6. X Y X Y B -- A -- --B --A --Sry --Sry XY Female XX male 人類的性別 Sex Determination in Humans • Chromosome level: • XX  female • XY  male 2. Gene level: No Sry  female Sry  male 3. Developmental (Receptor) level 4. Psychological level

7. 你看到了什麼好玩的東西呢？

8. 植物為什麼要有那麼多顏色？

9. 鳥兒為什麼要有那麼多的顏色？

10. 瞭解遺傳密碼與生命之間的關係

11. 你想摘哪一個果實來吃？

12. 靈長類的親緣關係樹

13. 舊世界猴 新世界猴

14. Old World Primate New World Primate 廣鼻猴產於美洲大陸 ，因其兩鼻孔相距較 遠而得「廣鼻」之名 ；又因牠們產於美洲 新大陸，故亦有「新 大陸猴」或「新世界 猴」之稱。廣鼻猴包 括狨科與捲尾猴科。 狹鼻猴產於亞洲大陸與非洲大陸，因其兩鼻孔相距較近而得「狹鼻」之名；又因牠們的產地，亦有「舊大陸猴」或「舊世界猴」之稱。狹鼻猴包括長尾猴科、長臂猿科、猩猩科。

15. Vision

16. Cone and rod cell

17. Photoreceptor in retina

18. Structure of photoreceptor

19. Rhodopsin vs color visual pigment

20. 遺傳密碼與生命的表現

21. Color visual gene in NWMs Autosomal X-linked Male SWS M-LWS dichromatic Homozygous female M-LWS a SWS M-LWS a Heterzygous female M-LWS a SWS trichromatic M-LWS b

22. Color visual gene in OWMs and Human Autosomal X-linked sws LWS MWS trichromatic

23. Color Vision gene in Old World Primate • All Old World primates are trichomacy with three different visual pigment gene, short wave (SW), middle wave (MW) and long wave (LW) gene • The SW opsin is encode by an autosomal gene and the MW(green) and LW(red) opsins by separate genes on X-chromosome • Squence comparison between these two genes in different Old World species indicates that they arose by gene duplication at the base of the Old World lineage ~40 mya • They are organized into a head-to tail tandem array, which is bound on the upstream side by a locus control region (LCR) X chromosome LCR LW gene MW gene

24. Color Vision gene in New World Primate • Most New World primates exhibit a trichromacy that is base on only two opsin gene , an autosomal SW gene, and a polymorphic X-linked M/LW gene with three allelic forms • All males and homozygote females are dichromatic color vision • The heterozygote females are trichromatic color vision • An exception of New World primates has been identified in howler monkey, where separate MW and LW gene are present, thus full trichomacy in both males and females LCR Allele A LCR Allele B X X female LCR Allele A Y male X

25. 找尋生命的基本單元 • 遺傳密碼的解讀 • DNA定序 G A T C

26. 幫忙我們解讀與處理遺傳密碼的工具有哪一些？幫忙我們解讀與處理遺傳密碼的工具有哪一些？

27. DNA extraction DNA precipitation DNA extraction

28. Polymerase Chain Reaction

29. Polymerase Chain Reaction

30. Agarose Gel Electropheresis Stain DNA With EtBr, visualize under UV light Equipment Loading DNA sample In agarose gel

31. Sequence Reaction

32. DNA Sequence Electrophesis

33. DNA Sequence Electrophesis

34. 還有多少我們要走的路？還有多少我們可以探索的問題？還有多少我們要走的路？還有多少我們可以探索的問題？