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Chapter 2 – Basic Kinematic Concepts

Chapter 2 – Basic Kinematic Concepts. Forms of Motion Directional Terms Planes of Sections + Axes of Rotation Joint Movement Terminology. Forms of motion. Translation: all parts of a body travel exactly the same distance, in the same direction, in the same time.

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Chapter 2 – Basic Kinematic Concepts

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  1. Chapter 2 – Basic Kinematic Concepts • Forms of Motion • Directional Terms • Planes of Sections + Axes of Rotation • Joint Movement Terminology

  2. Forms of motion • Translation: all parts of a body travel exactly the same distance, in the same direction, in the same time. • Rectilinear translation – straight line translation • Curvilinear Translation – curved line translation Angular (rotational) motion: – all parts of the body, move along a circular path about the same point called the axis of rotation, so that all parts travel through the same angle, in the same direction, in the same time.

  3. General Motion: a combination of translation and rotation - most movements are difficult to classify into pure translation or rotation.

  4. Directional Terms • Superior (cranial) – closer to the head Inferior (caudal) – farther from the head • Anterior (ventral)– toward the front of the body Posterior (dorsal) – toward the back of the body • Medial - closer to the mid-line Lateral – further from the mid-line • Proximal – closer to the trunk Distal - farther from the trunk • Palmer (volar)– palm side of hand Plantar (volar) - sole of foot • Dorsal – back of hand / top of foot • Superficial/deep – closer to the surface/farther from the surface

  5. Planes of Section and Axes of Rotation

  6. Joint Movement Terminology In the sagittal plane about the mediolateral axis. • Flexion – decreasing joint angle or anteriorly directed rotations of the head, trunk, upper arm, forearm, hand, and upper leg. Posteriorly directed movement of the lower leg • Extension – increasing joint angle (back to anatomical position) or returns a body segment to the anatomical position from flexion • Hyperextension – movement of the joint angle beyond the anatomical position in the opposite direction to flexion • Plantar flexion – top of the foot away from the tibia Dorsiflexion – top of the foot toward the tibia

  7. In the frontal plane about the anteroposterior axis • ABduction – movement away from the midline ADduction – movement towards the midline • Lateral Flexion (head and trunk) • Elevation – upward movement Depression – downward movement • Inversion – sole of the foot inward (medially) Eversion – sole of the foot outward (laterally)

  8. In the transverse plane about the longitudinal axis. • Rotation: • Left / Right rotation – for head, neck, and trunk • Medial rotation – rotation towards the midline • Lateral rotation – rotation away from the midline • Pronation – rotation of forearm/hand towards the midline Supination – rotation of forearm/hand away from the midline • Protraction – movement forward Retraction – movement backward Special case • Circumduction – distal end of limb moves in a circle while the proximal end is stable.

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