Creating a New Government: From Weakness to Strength

1. Chapter 8 From Weakness to Strength

2. SECTION 1 Creating a New Government Founding Fathers star spangled banner Establishing a New Nation • Key people in America’s creation are called the “Founding Fathers” - includes George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin John Adams, James Madison *Some of these had signed the Declaration of Independence NEXT

3. SECTION 1 The Articles of Confederation • Articles of Confederation are first form of U.S. constitution - written during Revolution; Georgia’s Button Gwinnett helped write Congress PowersState Powers declare war collect state taxes make treaties print state money print money support state militias deliver mail - each state has one vote in Congress regardless of size Continued . . . NEXT

4. SECTION 1 The Northwest Ordinance • Congress divides western land— Northwest Territory —for settlement • Becomes Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, bit of Minnesota • Congress passes Northwest Ordinance in 1787 - sets up process for territories to become states - establishes religious freedom, trial by jury; outlaws slavery • Ordinance becomes blueprint for future territories and states NEXT

5. SECTION 1 National Government Lacks Power • •Under Articles of Confederation, Congress lacked power to: • -enforce laws • -Levy taxes • -regulate interstate trade • The Articles required all 13 states to approve change in the Articles. NEXT

6. SECTION 1 Shays’s Rebellion • Daniel Shays—Massachusetts farmer, war veteran unable to pay taxes • In January 1787 leads other angry farmers to seize guns in Springfield • State troops stop rebellion; Congress lacks resources, power to help • Congress calls meeting to revise Articles NEXT

7. SECTION 1 Abraham Baldwin Delegates to the Convention • Constitutional Convention meets in Pennsylvania, 1787 - Georgia sends Abraham Baldwin, William Few • Some want only to revise Articles; some hope to redesign government • Goal is to balance “individual rights” with power of central government William Few NEXT

8. SECTION 1 Framing the Constitution • George Washington elected president of Convention • Discussions kept secret so all can speak freely • First decision—new government should remain a Democratic Republic: - republic—representatives chosen by people to govern - democratic—government reflects people’s will Continued . . . NEXT

9. SECTION 1 Compromises Resolve Disputes • Balance of power between large, small states is greatest argument • Under Articles, Congress has one house • Decide Congress should be bicameral, or have two houses - House of Representatives —votes based on state population - Senate —same number of votes for each state • Bicameral solution called Great Compromise Continued . . . NEXT

10. SECTION 1 The Three-Fifths Compromise • Great Compromise creates new issue of how to count people • Southern states want slaves counted, but not taxed • Northern states want slaves taxed but not counted • Three-Fifths Compromise —counts five slaves as three people - applies to taxation and Congressional representation NEXT

11. SECTION 1 Other Compromises • Slavery creates new debate—Northern states want it banned • South disagrees, Decide to reject Constitution if ban passes; compromise reached - Congress will not ban importation of slaves until 1808 • Fourth compromise the Commerce Clause - allows Congress to collect taxes, control interstate trade NEXT

12. SECTION 1 The Bill of Rights Guarantees of Freedoms • James Madison writes the Bill of Rights; first act of new government - protects citizens against government power - guarantees freedom of speech, religion, press; trial by jury - does not limit rights not specifically mentioned in Constitution - becomes first 10 amendments to the Constitution • Constitution sets up national government; states govern themselves NEXT

13. Quiz • Which of the following is not a founding father? -Benjamin Franklin -Thomas Jefferson -James Madison -Daniel Shays • Which of the following could Congress “not” do under the Articles of Confederation? -Collect Taxes -Declare War -Print Money -Deliver Mail • The ________ became a blueprint for future territories and states. • Georgia sent ______ and _____ to the Constitutional Convention in 1787 • America's government is a ________. (Representatives chosen by the people to reflect their will)

14. Quiz • Bicameral means ________. • The two house are _______ and _______. • The agreement to move to a bicameral solution to appease the large and small states is referred to as the ________. • The _______counted five slaves as three for the purposes of taxation and representation. • The _______ was created to protect the rights of the people from the power of the government.

15. The Georgia State Constitution Modeled on National Constitution • Temporary Georgia government writes first state constitution in 1777 - one-house legislature; John Treutlen is state’s first governor • New state constitution in 1789 resembles U.S. Constitution - bicameral legislature, three-branch government - plans local government, county seats, counties NEXT

16. SECTION 2 1795 Amendment Convention • Convention held in Augusta, temporary state capital • Amendment to constitution changed way of electing governors - both houses of legislature to elect governors - legislature will always meet in January • Louisville, in Jefferson County, named new state capital NEXT

17. SECTION 2 Areas of Settlement Expanded • Georgia land claim: from Atlantic Ocean to Mississippi River • In 1777, Georgia opens new areas for settlement - eastern middle Georgia, Piedmont land in northeast • Property of Loyalist settlers taken as punishment to help pay war debt Continued . . . NEXT

18. SECTION 2 The Headright Land Grant System • Land distribution method called headright • system • - head of household—usually white male—has • “right” to land • - family entitled to 200 acres plus 50 for each • family member, slave • - 1,000-acre limit often raised; war veterans get • larger claim NEXT

19. SECTION 2 The Oconee War • U.S. government makes treaties with Native Americans after war • Lower Creek gives up land east of Oconee River in 1783 treaty • Upper Creek, led by Chief Alexander McGillivray, does not agree - kill Backcountry settlers, burn homes, take livestock (1787–1789) - Georgians respond: burn villages, crops; kill residents • Natives, whites differ on meaning of “owning” land NEXT

20. SECTION 2 U.S. Government Agrees With Creek Claims • 1790 Treaty of New York entitles Creeks to lands west of Oconee River • Many Georgians outraged, ignore treaty; fighting continues for years • Georgians begin to distrust national government • Frontier settlers build small, protective forts; will not move from land Continued . . . NEXT

22. Georgia Counties Grant Land • As Georgia grows, headright land grant system not sufficient • Counties start granting land; problems arise - some corrupt leaders sell bad farmland or land that does not exist • Yazoo Land Fraud—most widely known land fraud in U.S. Continued . . . NEXT

23. Yazoo Land Fraud • Land companies bribe Georgia legislature to secretly sell them western lands at ultra low cost • Companies buy most of the land, resell to settlers at high price • Dishonest legislators and companies receive large profits • Next election, Georgians vote legislators out of office • Georgia voids all sales contracts burns them in Louisville town square The Act actually gave the land companies the ability to but 35 million acres and pay less than $.02 an acre! NEXT

25. New Boundaries for Georgia • Georgia gives land involved in Yazoo fraud to U.S. in Compact of 1802 - U.S. pays $1,250,000 for western lands - gives clear title to Georgia land (close to state’s current boundaries) - promises to remove all Native Americans - northern Georgia belongs to state, not Cherokee NEXT

26. Distribution of Creek and Cherokee Lands • Legislature passes Land Act in 1803, sets up land lottery - lottery open to white adult males, orphans, widows - citizens buy tickets to win 202.5-acre, farm- sized plots of land - also can win coastal land plots; larger, but lower quality • Lottery used 7 times to distribute Creek, Cherokee land (1805–1832) NEXT

28. 1. Which of the following could Congress “not” do under the Articles of Confederation? -Collect Taxes -Declare War -Print Money -Deliver Mail • Georgia sent ______ and _____ to the Constitutional Convention in 1787 • America's government is a ________. (Representatives chosen by the people to reflect their will) • The agreement to move to a bicameral solution to appease the large and small states is referred to as the ________. • The _______ was created to protect the rights of the people from the power of the government. Quiz

29. Quiz Georgia’s 1777 constitution was modeled after the __________. Georgia’s two methods for distributing land were the headright system and the ________. The Oconee War was betweeen the ________ Indians and the white settlers in Georgia. __________ was the most widely known land fraud in U.S. (happened in GA). In the Compact of 1802 the U.S. Government agrees to remove all of the _________ from Georgia.

30. SECTION 3 The Louisiana Purchase • • Jefferson offers $15 million to French in Louisiana • Purchase; U.S. doubles size • Lewis and Clark expedition explores northern • Louisiana Territory after Jefferson sends them to explore the • ewly acquired territory. NEXT

31. SECTION 3 Riches in Georgia Attract More Settlers Native Americans Pressured to Leave • White settlers continue to move to northern Georgia • State leaders want U.S. to remove Native Americans (Compact of 1802) • U.S. offers free land in West to Native Americans who leave Georgia • Treaties with Creek from 1817–1819 add land to Georgia, push border west • Almost all Creek leave Georgia by 1827 Continued . . . NEXT

32. SECTION 3 Gold • Gold discovered in Georgia in 1828, gold rush in 1829 • Georgia claims remaining Cherokee land in 1830 • Town of Auraria, Latin for “City of Gold”, is gold production center • Auraria becomes boomtown; has major road, newspaper, post office • Nearby Dahlonega gets federal mint in 1838 • Georgia Gold Rush NEXT

33. SECTION 3 Andrew Jackson • Andrew Jackson elected president in 1828 - from Tennessee, first president from west of Appalachians - selects “ordinary” men for government, represents “common man” • Jackson willing to move Native Americans off land settlers want NEXT

34. University of Georgia • The University of Georgia was chartered as a land grant university in 1784 and is the oldest of its kind • Opened in 1801 as Franklin College and was for all white males only.

35. Religion in Georgia • Georgia had many churches after the Revolutionary War Quakers, Baptist and Methodist. • Methodist churches were pastored by Circuit Riders who rode from town to town to establish churches and then preach at them once complete. • Early Black Baptist churches were also founded such as the Springfield Baptist Church (free blacks) and Savannah’s First African Baptist Church.

36. Culminating Activity Political Cartoons

37. Culminating Activity (Political Cartoon) What is a political cartoon and what makes it interesting or funny? -A political cartoon takes well known events and makes fun of the situation through satire (a funny but politically serious comment) .

38. Political Cartoons How would you start to create a political cartoon? List 4 or more things you know about the character or event How could I apply these things to satire (a funny but politically serious comment) ? -Reverse the situation -Point out the facts in a humourous manner -Use the picture to emphasize the problem -Exaggerate the problem

39. Political Cartoon Example • Well known political event: Micheal Vick dogfighting episode- What we know: -He is a professional athlete -He ran a dogfighting business that was illegal -He would drown, strangle, kill unwanted dogs -He supported a group of friends in the business with him -It ruined his professional “football” career

40. Why is this funny given the information that we know?

41. Micheal Vick Political Cartoon What other cartoons could have been used? Why would they work? -Micheal Vick applying for a job at the Humane Society - Micheal Vick wanting to adopt a puppy from the Animal Shelter -Micheal Vick being dropped from a “Falcon” from high in the air -Dogs deciding on whether or not to keep Micheal Vick and his friends

42. Indian and White Settler Land Conflict (Political Cartoon) What we know: -The white settlers wanted the land for their own -White settlers believed in personal ownership -The white settlers believed the Indians were savages and that they were superior to them -The white settlers wanted the Indians “Gone” -The white settlers saw the Indians as something they could control.

43. 1- How do the words spoken by the fox come across as humerous? 2-How does the picture itself point out the problem? Indians in Georgia Settlers from Georgia

44. Political Cartoon(White and Indian land conflict) What other cartoons could have been used? Why would they work? -Settler kicking Indian out of the bed (wanting all the room for himself) -Indians giving the white settlers a plane ticket to “anywhere else but here” -Settlers painting all of Georgia “White”

45. A Flock of White Settlers Treaty of New York IndianLands

46. Alternative Assignment Political Rap, Poem, or Song How would you start to create this composition? -List 4 or more things you know about the character or event -Use this information in the assignment -It must use all of these facts in your composition and tell the story completely. -Must be at least 150 words long

47. Political Rap, Poem, or Song Events or Characters that you can use: • Founding Fathers • Bill Of Rights or U.S. Constitution • Abraham Baldwin and William Few • Yazoo Land Fraud • Trail of Tears • Founding of University of Georgia • Georgia Gold Rush • Sequoia