Tobacco Use: A High Risk Behavior

1. Tobacco Tobacco Use – A High Risk Behavior Chapter 24 – Lesson 1

2. Why Young People Start Smoking • An estimated one in five American teens smokes, and about one million young people start smoking every year. • Teens continue to smoke, chew, and dip tobacco in large numbers.

3. Why Young People Start Smoking • Every day in the U.S., 6,000 teens light up for their first cigarette and another 3,000 teens become regular smokers. • Approximately nine in ten adult smokers began smoking as teens and continue to smoke into adulthood, unable to stop. • Of those who begin smoking as teens, one-third will eventually die from some smoke-related causes. • About 2.6 million packs of cigarettes are sold illegally to minors in this country every day.

4. Why Young People Start Smoking • Statistics like these might leave you wondering why teens ever start to smoke. • Why do they? • To seem more sophisticated, older, or more “cool” • Because of peer pressure • Due to the influences of advertising • Because teens believe they can quit at any time • For its short-term stimulant effect

5. Why Young People Start Smoking • To have something to handle or hold • For relaxation and stress relief • As a social crutch • To deal with other cravings • Because they see family members do it

6. Why Young People Start Smoking • Young people that smoke do not realize that for many smokers, smoking is no habit, but an addiction. ADDICTION:a physiological or psychological dependence on a substance or activity. • They feel that they can quit at any time. • They feel it is a passing habit. • Many adult smokers who began smoking as teens are still smoking, not because they want to be but because of the addiction.

7. What is in Cigarettes? • Many forms of tobacco products are on the market, but still the most used are cigarettes. • With each puff of a cigarette, the smoker comes in contact with at least 43 chemicals known to cause cancer, among these cyanide, formaldehyde, and arsenic. • The chemicals in tobacco can cause ailments other than cancer.

8. What is in Cigarettes? • Tobacco contains nicotine: NICOTINE:The addictive drug in cigarettes. (Nicotine raises blood pressure and increases heart rate.) • People smoke to reduce the craving for nicotine, which is a poisonous stimulant. STIMULANT:Is a drug that increases the action of the central nervous system, the heart, and other organs. • Nicotine raises blood pressure and increases heart rate.

9. What is in Cigarettes? • The flavor of a cigarette is due mostly to the tar in tobacco. TAR:Is a thick, sticky, dark fluid produced when tobacco burns. • Tar penetrates the smoker's airway and lungs. • Combined with the drying effect of cigarette smoke, tar paralyzes or destroys cilia, the waving hair-like projections that work to keep the respiratory tract clear.

10. What is in Cigarettes? • Several substances in in tar are known asCARCINOGENS:Cancer causing substances. • Low-tar, low-nicotine cigarettes, once advertised as safer than their standard counterparts, actually encourage the smoker to inhale more deeply and to smoke more cigarettes to maintain the body’s accustomed nicotine level.

11. What is in Cigarettes? • CARBON MONOXIDE:Is a colorless, odorless, poisonous gas in cigarette smoke that passes through the lungs into the blood. • This is the same gas in automobile exhaust fumes that, if inhaled, could prove fatal. It unites with the hemoglobin in red blood cells, preventing them from carrying the oxygen needed for energy to the body’s cells.

12. Did You Know? • Nicotine is deadly poison that is used in insecticide. • Cigarettes contain formaldehyde, the same chemical used to preserve dead animals in biology class. • Cigarettes also contain many of the same chemicals that make paint, toilet cleaner, and car antifreeze poisonous. • Cigarette use has been tied to a common cause of blindness in the elderly, and a pack a day doubles that risk.

13. Smokeless Tobacco • SMOKELESS TOBACCO:Is tobacco that is sniffed through the nose or chewed. • Over 12 million Americans are regular smokeless tobacco users, and use of these product continues to increase, especially among teenagers, many of whom start chewing tobacco or dipping snuff between the ages of 13 and 15.

14. Smokeless Tobacco • Advertisements featuring famous people, especially athletes, give the false impression that smokeless products contribute to an image of being “macho” or “cool.” • There is nothing cool about it! • Quit Smokeless Organization – Cancer Gallery web site

15. Other Forms of Tobacco • Like smoking cigarettes, smoking pipes or cigars also presents major health risks. • Although pipe and cigar smokers usually inhale less smoke, they are more likely to develop cancers of the lip, mouth, and throat because more tar and other chemicals are generated by pipes and cigars. • If the pipe or cigar smoker makes a habit to inhale the smoke, his or her chances of developing lung cancer also increases.

16. Specialty Cigarettes

17. Tobacco What Tobacco Does to the Body Chapter 24 – Lesson 2

18. Effects of Smoking on the Smoker • Cigarettes impair the health of the smoker in two ways – through short-term effects that occur immediately after the smoker lights up and long-term effects that occur as the smoking continues. • Over time, the tar and pollutants in tobacco smoke take their toll on several body systems. • Some of the deadliest problems are those affecting the respiratory and circulatory systems.

19. Diseases of the Respiratory System • Cigarette smoking is associated with the two principle diseases that make up chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or COPD. • These are chronic bronchitis and emphysema, which are ten times more likely to occur among smokers than among people who do not smoke.

20. Diseases of the Respiratory System • CHRONIC BRONCHITIS is a condition in which the bronchi are irritated. As cilia become useless, tar from cigarette smoke builds up, which results in chronic coughing and excessive mucus secretion.

21. Diseases of the Circulatory System • "Surgeon Generals warning: smoking causes chronic bronchitis" "I was choking on my own air". This is Mr. Harold Mulhauser . After years of smoking he developed a persistent smokers cough which produced increasing amounts of thick mucous. These are the symptoms of chronic bronchitis which is defined clinically as a chronic cough which produces mucous for at least 3 months per year for at least two years. This is very common and occurs in 75% of regular smokers. How does smoking cause these symptoms? Harmful chemicals in tobacco smoke cause chronic inflammation in the large airways which are called the bronchial tubes. This leads to a marked increase in the size and number of mucous glands in the bronchial wall. The large number of mucous glands secrete a large amount of mucous into the airway which must be coughed up to prevent drowning in your own secretions. Because of trouble clearing these secretions, Mr. Mulhauser required a tracheostomy, a surgically placed hole in his neck through which the excessive mucous could be suctioned out. Mr. Mulhauser's bronchus looks like the one in the bottom panel which contains about ten times the number of mucous glands compared to the normal bronchus of the nonsmoker shown in the top panel. Mr. Mulhauser's message, "I never thought this would happen to me. Just like people with cancer, I'm not going to get this stuff. By golly, if one of you stops, just one of you, it would be worth it".

22. Diseases of the Circulatory System • CHRONIC BROCHITIS This is Mr. Harold Mulhauser .

23. Diseases of the Respiratory System • EMPHYSEMAis a condition that involves the destruction of the tiny air sacs in the lungs through which oxygen is absorbed into the body. • As the walls between the sacs are destroyed, they lose their elasticity and provide less total surface from which oxygen can be absorbed. • More breaths are required, and instead of using 5% of one’s energy in breathing, a person with advanced emphysema uses up to 80 % of his or her energy just to breathe.

24. Diseases of the Respiratory System • EMPHYSEMA

25. Diseases of the Respiratory System • LUNG CANCER,directly linked to cigarette smoking, it is the leading cause of cancer deaths among males. • With the increase in female smokers, lung cancer is becoming a more significant cause of cancer death among females, too. • Lung cancer begins as the bronchi are irritated by cigarette smoke. • Cilia are destroyed and extra mucus cannot be expelled. • The smoker develops a cough. • Cancerous cells can grow in these conditions, block the bronchi, and move to the lungs. • In advanced stages, cancerous cells can travel to other organs through the lymphatic system. • Unless caught early, lung cancer causes death.

26. Diseases of the Respiratory System • LUNG CANCER

27. Did You Know? • Over 12 million Americans use smokeless tobacco. • Approximately 3 million Americans under 21 use smokeless tobacco. • Smokeless tobacco users have from 4 to 50 times the rate of oral cancer as nonusers. • More than $127 million was spent in 1995 on advertising and promoting the use of smokeless tobacco. • According to one large national survey of high school students, 1 in 5 male students in grades 9 through 12 uses smokeless tobacco.

28. The Dangers of Smokeless Tobacco • Although smoke does not get into the lungs when using smokeless tobacco, other health problems exist, some of which can be serious and even life-threatening. • The nicotine in smokeless tobacco is as addictive as that in cigarettes. • Once a person starts chewing and dipping, it can become very difficult to stop.

29. The Dangers of Smokeless Tobacco • People who use smokeless tobacco secrete more saliva. • Although the chewers usually spit this excess out, some of it unconsciously swallowed, introducing tar and other harmful chemicals into the digestive and urinary systems. • Tobacco juices also contain chemicals that may delay healing of wounds.

30. The Dangers of Smokeless Tobacco • Tobacco and its by-products are extremely irritating to the sensitive tissues in the mouth. • Irritation from direct contact with tobacco juices is responsible for LEUOPLAKIA:thickened, white, leathery-appearing spots on the inside of a smokeless tobacco user's mouth that can develop into cancer of the mouth. • Oral cancer strikes about 30,000 Americans annually. • Because this form of cancer is often discovered late, only 50 percent of its victims survive longer than five years.

31. The Dangers of Smokeless Tobacco • Smokeless tobacco users also tend to show greater tooth wear than nonusers. • Their gums tend to be pushed away from their teeth where the tobacco is held. • The roots of the teeth become exposed and more susceptible to decay, causing early loss of teeth. • Users of smokeless tobacco also develop bad breath and discolored teeth. Tobacco products decrease the user’s ability to smell and taste, especially salty and sweet foods.

32. Effects of Smoke on the Nonsmoker • People who breathe passive smoke receive the same unhealthy effects as smokers. PASSIVE SMOKE:is cigarette, cigar, or pipe smoke inhaled by nonsmokers as well as smoke that remains in a closed environment after the smoker is through smoking. • (PASSIVE SMOKE INCLUDES) • MAINSTREAM SMOKE:the smoke that a smoker blows off, as well as, • SIDESTREAM SMOKE:The smoke that comes from burning tobacco.

33. Effects of Smoke on the Nonsmoker • Passive smoke causes eye irritation, headaches, and coughing. • It causes more frequent ear infections, asthma attacks and other respiratory problems and aggravates existing heart and lung diseases. • It can also cause lung cancer. • At least 3,700 people die annually from lung cancer because of exposure to others’ smoke. • Lengthy exposure to side-stream smoke can in fact, result in the same kinds of life-threatening health problems that the smoker may experience.

34. Effects of Smoke on the Nonsmoker • A smoke-filled room may contain levels of carbon monoxide and other pollutants as high as those that occur during an air pollution emergency. • A non-smoker could inhale enough nicotine and carbon monoxide in an hour to have the same effect as having smoked a whole cigarette.

35. Smoking During and after Pregnancy • A 1997 study maintained that parents who smoke contribute to the deaths of at least 6,200 children in this country every year. • According to the study, at least 2,800 deaths of low birth weight babies are caused by mothers who smoked while pregnant, with another 1,100 resulting from respiratory infection.

36. Smoking During and after Pregnancy • Cigarette smoking during pregnancy is also associated with small fetal growth, an increased chance of spontaneous abortion and prenatal death, and increased stillbirths, as well as growth and developmental problems during early childhood. • Babies born to mothers who smoked during pregnancy may be adversely affected in intellectual development and behavioral characteristics.

37. Smoking During and after Pregnancy • Nicotine passes through the placenta, constricting the blood vessels of the fetus in the mother’s uterus. • Carbon monoxide reduces the oxygen levels in the mother’s and fetus blood. Smoking is especially harmful during the second half of pregnancy. • After a baby is born, nicotine can be transformed during breast-feeding.

38. Smoking During and after Pregnancy • Most people would not give an infant or small child a cigarette, but people who smoke around children are doing the same damage to these youngsters that they would if they were helping them to light up. • Children of cigarette smokers are nearly twice as likely to be in poor or fair health as those of nonsmokers. • Such children are more likely to suffer from respiratory problems, including poorer lung function and more wheezing. • Their risk of developing lung cancer, moreover, is double that of children of nonsmokers.

39. Rights of the Nonsmoker • Despite the growing awareness of the dangers of passive smoke, nearly half of all smokers light up without asking those around them if they mind. • According to one medical report, even though at least 80% of nonsmokers report that they are bothered by passive smoke, only about 4% actually ask smokers to stop. • Because of the dangers of passive smoke, that fact has to change. • You can help to change it.

40. Rights of the Nonsmoker • You have the right to express your preference that people not smoke around you. • By doing so, you protect the air you breathe and the air of those around you. • If you are allergic to smoke or if the smell of it makes you sick, you may be more inclined to speak up. Everyone has a right to ask that the air they breathe remain smoke-free.

41. Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Iowa Kansas Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New York North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington Wisconsin Kentucky Wyoming North Carolina New Mexico Indiana Mississippi West Virginia State Laws Restricting Smoking in Public Places and WorkplacesLAWS RESTRICTING SMOKING IN PUBLIC PLACES(44)

42. Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Utah Vermont Virginia Washington Wisconsin Wyoming LAWS RESTRICTING SMOKING IN GOVERNMENT BUILDINGS(46)

43. Alaska California Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Illinois Iowa Maine Maryland Minnesota Missouri Montana Nebraska New Hampshire New Jersey New York Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Dakota Utah Vermont Washington Wisconsin LAWS RESTRICTING SMOKING IN PRIVATE WORK PLACES(26)

44. Rights of the Nonsmoker • If you are in a restaurant or public place that has a nonsmoking section, ask to be seated there. • Choosing places that are altogether smoke-free may be the answer. • Increasingly, smoke-free establishments are easier to find. • Also be sure to ask that no one smoke in your home or at public meetings or events that you attend.

45. Rights of the Nonsmoker • It is considerate of smokers to ask others in an enclosed area if they mind their smoking. • For the sake of your health, you should always say yes. • Smokers should take responsibility to smoke where there are no non-smokers around. • When they do not, nonsmokers also should take responsibility for their own health by asking smokers to extinguish their cigarettes or by moving to a smoke-free space.

46. Who Profits from the Sales of Cigarettes?

48. Tobacco Choosing to be Tobacco-Free Chapter 24 – Lesson 3

49. Strategies for Quitting • A person who wants to quit using tobacco should be reminded that he or she will probably go through a period of NICOTINE WITHDRAWL:the process that occurs when nicotine, an addictive drug, is no longer used. • During this period the person may feel nervous or moody or have difficulty sleeping. These symptoms of withdrawl do not last long.

50. Strategies for Quitting • There are many techniques for quitting smoking. • One involves using a series of filters over several weeks. Each filter reduces the tar and nicotine levels so that withdrawl is gradual. • An increasingly popular method is the use of NICOTINE SUBSTITUTES:these are manufactured forms of nicotine that deliver small amounts of the drug into user's system while he or she is trying to give up the tobacco habit. Nicotine gum is one such substitute which can now be purchased as an over-the-counter product.