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Embryonic Development and Reproduction: Key Stages and Processes Explained

Learn about the early stages of embryo development, cell differentiation, and the formation of various membranes and layers. Explore the functions of the chorion, amnion, and allantois during embryo growth, as well as the significance of the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm layers. Discover the role of the placenta, Chorionic Villi, and the umbilical cord in facilitating nutrient exchange. Understand the hormonal changes during pregnancy and different methods of birth control, including behavioral, chemical, surgical, and abortion options. Delve into the effects of aging on reproduction in both males and females, including menopause, decreased fertility, and cancer risks.

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Embryonic Development and Reproduction: Key Stages and Processes Explained

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  1. Early Embryo Embryo bud and cell layers

  2. Starting at Blastocyst 5-7 days • Cells start to differentiate. • An embryo and three surrounding membranes embryo result. • Surrounding Membranes: • Chorion • Amnion • Allantois.

  3. Membranes • Chorion membrane: • Outermost • first role is to secrete HCG • develops into placental wall • HCG or human chorionic gonadotropic hormone maintains the corpus luteum. • Corpus luteum continues secrete estrogen and progesterone which maintain the endometrium.

  4. Membranes • Amnion membrane: • grows into fluid filled sac that insulates and protects the embryo. • Allantois membrane: • Does not surround the embryo. • With yolk sac it helps produce blood cells.

  5. Embryonic Layers • New Embryo has three layers • Ectoderm • Mesoderm • Endoderm

  6. Embryonic Layers • Ectoderm (outer) forms: • NS, brain, teeth and mouth, skin, hair, etc. • Mesoderm (middle) forms: • forms muscle, bone, blood, reproductive structures, connective tissue, etc. • Endoderm (inner) forms: • liver, GI tract, respiratory tract, pancreas, thyroid, etc.

  7. Placenta • Chorionic Villi: small projections filled with fetal and maternal capillaries. Actual site of waste/nutrient exchange. • No blood cells move through the membrane barrier!

  8. Placenta Detail

  9. Placenta – villia detail

  10. Placenta - Embryo • Umbilical cord function: • transports blood with wastes to the placental wall • brings back blood with nutrients to the embryo.

  11. Hormones During Pregnancy

  12. Behavioral methods Abstinence Coitus interruptus Rhythm method Barrier methods Condom Male and female Diaphragm Cervical cap Spermicidal agents Lactation Chemical methods Oral contraceptives Injections as Depo-Provera Implants Morning-after pills Surgical methods IUD Vasectomy Tubal ligation Abortions Control of Pregnancy

  13. Male Decrease in size and weight of testes Decrease in sperm production Prostate gland enlarges and increase in cancer Impotence is age-related Female Menopause Decrease in size of uterus and vaginal wall thins Age related increase in breast, uterine, ovarian cancer genetic defects in children of older women linked to aging follicles. Effects of Aging on Reproduction

  14. Video SummaryCrash Course

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