The Growth of U.S. Democracy: Expansion & Limits of Suffrage

1. AP Chapter 11 The Growth of Democracy

2. Expansion and Limits of Suffrage • Voting rights were often limited to property owning males • Most new western states extended voting rights to all white males over 21 and by 1820 most older states did as well • Many refused to give blacks the right to vote b/c it would lead to migration north and westward

3. Women were also denied the right to vote mainly for patriarchal reasons • Wealthy women did engage in politics through charity and church groups • Despite these restrictions the right to vote was the most widespread in the U.S.

4. Election of 1824 • Crawford (GA), Adams (MA), Clay (KY), Calhoun (SC) and Jackson (TN) all JefffersonianRepublicans ran for president • Jackson won the most popular and electoral votes with Adams 2nd but neither had a majority • H of R had to decide and Henry Clay threw his support to Adams and the House declared him president

5. Election of 1824

7. Adams named Clay his Sec. of State and people called it a “corrupt bargain” • Adam’s faced a rough presidency and the early stages of a 2 party system emerged • New politics preached loyalty amongst its party members • Party Politics were exciting, entertaining and created a sense of belonging

8. Election of 1828 • Andrew Jackson (Democrat) vs. John Q. Adams (National Republican) battled for the presidency • John C. Calhoun became Jackson’s running mate despite the fact that he was Adam’s current VP • Jackson won with 56% of the vote and called it a victory for the “common man”

10. Jackson Presidency • Jackson was referred to as “Old Hickory” b/c he was tough and unbending • Jackson often ignored his cabinet members in favor of the “Kitchen Cabinet” made up of Martin Van Buren and his western friends • VP Calhoun, Clay and Daniel Webster were excluded from the “Kitchen Cabinet” • Jackson created the “Spoil System” for govt. jobs

11. Jackson used the veto power more than his predecessors and believed the president should dominate the government • Jackson soon was at odds with his VP Calhoun (defended southern interests), Webster (Represented N. interest) and Clay (defended the west) • Clay pushed for the American System to create more roads

12. Nullification Crisis • Became a major issue when Congress passed a series of tariffs in 1824 and 1828 that protected northern interests and hurt the South • Tariff of Abominations 1828- benefited some sections and hurt others, really angered the South

14. Calhoun and South Carolina were extremely angry and feared the govt.’s power • The issue of nullification became widespread in South Carolina • Jackson saw nullification as a threat to national security and opposed it • Calhoun soon lost any influence on Jackson and resigned from the VP

16. Tariff of 1832 continued the high rates and S.C. responded with the Ordinance of Nullification which rejected the tariff • S.C. threatened to secede from the Union so Jackson obtained from Congress a Force Bill to collect the taxes • S.C. with the help of Clay accepted the Tariff Act of 1833 and repealed nullification • Serious threat to national security and further divided the sections

17. Indian Removal • Passed by Congress in 1830 and forced the removal of Indians to the Oklahoma Territory • Cherokees sued and won in Worcester v. Georgia and Cherokee Nation v. Georgia when Marshall said a domestic dependent nation and could not be forced to move

18. Jackson ignored the courts decision and forced the removal • Some mounted resistance while others moved west • Trail of Tears- 16,000 (25% died) were driven by federal troops to Oklahoma • Black Hawk War- US troops defeated Sauk and Fox Indians in Illinois

20. Internal Improvements • Jackson refused to use federal funds for internal improvements • States and towns spent most of the money for roads and canals • States were linked by a crude set of roads that were nearly impassable when bad weather arrived

21. Support for Private Enterprise • Const. prevented the states from interfering in interstate trade • Dartmouth v. Woodward (1819) said states could not interfere in contracts • Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) said NY could not grant a monopoly over interstate trade • C.J. Marshall presided over both cases

22. The Bank War • National Bank controlled the state banks and many resented the bank and felt that it favored certain regions and people • Jackson vetoed the rechartering of the bank but Congress could still renew it • Jackson transferred $10 million to “Pet Banks” despite his cabinets objection

24. Election of 1832 • Jackson easily defeated Clay and marked the end of the American System • Jackson angered his opponents so much that it led to the formation of another party • Jackson greatly exceeded his power as president and was often referred to as “King Andrew”

26. King Andrew

27. Election of 1836 • Economic problems of 1833-34 led to the creation of the Whig Party • Martin Van Buren (D) easily defeated the 4 Whig candidates in the 1836 election • B/c of land speculation Jackson ordered Specie Circular which said only gold and silver could be used to buy public land

29. Panic of 1837 was a result of the Bank War and wide spread land speculation, and a sharp contraction of credit • Van Buren had a dismal term as president and faced tough economic times

30. Panic of 1837

31. 2nd Two Party System Democrats • Favored expansion • Indian removal • Freedom on the frontier Whigs • Strong Central Govt. • National Bank • Protective Tariffs • Internal Improvements • Government Intervention

32. Election of 1840Tippecanoe and Tyler Too • William H. Harrison (W) and VP was John Tyler easily defeated Van Buren • Greatest voter turnout with 80% • Harrison died one month after inauguration • Tyler was originally chosen for sectional reasons but soon proved to be anti-Whig

34. Tyler was forced out of the Whig Party and his cabinet resigned so he appointed Democrats • Led to a political stalemate between Congress and the president

35. American Literature • Newspapers and pamphlets led to popular culture and wrote about Davey Crockett • Walt Whitman became widely read • Samuel Morse invented the Morse Code • Ralph Waldo Emerson wrote “The American Scholar” and wrote about the ordinary inspirations of daily life

36. Whitman and Emerson

37. Conclusion • Party politics emerged after 1824 • Jackson greatly exceeded the power of the presidency • Indian Removal, Bank Wars and Nullification were major issues in the country