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Industrial Regions. Western Europe HDI: 0.93. strong tradition of economic growth and development. Relied on colonization for raw materials. Industrial Regions. United Kingdom Rhine-Ruhr Valley Mid-Rhine Northern Italy. United Kingdom.
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Western Europe HDI: 0.93 • strong tradition of economic growth and development. • Relied on colonization for raw materials
Industrial Regions • United Kingdom • Rhine-Ruhr Valley • Mid-Rhine • Northern Italy
United Kingdom • Industrial Revolution originated within the United Kingdom. • majority of factories in UK survived WWII • Because of outdated factories of production the UK has steadily been losing its comparative advantage to progressing nations.
Rhine-Ruhr Valley • Northwestern Germany, Belgium, France, and the Netherlands • large coal and iron reservoirs leading to a massive steel, locomotive, machinery, and armament industry • Creation of a major port due to a river; Rotterdam the largest port in Europe.
Northern Italy • region allowed for cheaper labor as well as hydroelectric power • Major textile region emerging at the end of the 19th century and early 20th century
Eastern Europe HDI: 0.80 • Distance Decay – the closer countries are to W. Europe, the better their economy • Because of a slow transition Russia has been declining gradually across the years in HDI.
Russian Industry • Central Industrial district – oldest region located around Moscow. Chosen for its central location and population center. • St. Petersburg Industrial district – major industry of shipbuilding and sea trading • Volga Industrial district – large natural gas reservoirs with resources created that can be sent down the Volga river.
Russian cont. • Ural industrial district – mineral rich sector heavily industrialized by the Russians. Remote access means energy resources must be shipped to this sector. • Kuznetsk industrial district – large deposits of coal and iron leading to major steel productions within the region. Largest development East of the Ural Mountains.
Eastern Europe Industry • Eastern Ukraine – large coal reserves and deposits of iron ore make this region the largest producer of cheap steel in Eastern Europe. • Silesia – Poland and Czech Republic industrial section because of large coal deposits regardless of limited resource of iron ore.
Ecological Disaster • Eastern Europe has some of the worst ecological disasters in history. • High levels of Sulfurous Oxide released from industrial centers have led to regions of dangerously high levels of Acid rain and pollution
The Black Triangle • Region in Eastern Europe of severe environmental damage due to over-industrialization • pH measurements have been as low as 2.4 in this region (normal rain is 5.5) • By product of the massive amount of industrialization byproduct released from industry within Germany.
Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) • This is the Russian version of the European Union • A collection of former USSR member states united together for common economic purpose • Eurasian Economic Community (EEC) • Not nearly as strong as other regional organizations and hurt by its lack of supranationalism
Conflict between EU and CIS • CIS near constant state of economic hardship due to the flagging Russian economy • Member states increasing interest in leaving CIS to apply for membership in the EU (ex. Georgia) • Russia cannot afford to lose key trading partners which is resulting in strained relations within the CIS.
Japan HDI: 0.94 • Initially exploited its • high population and • low cost of production to get a foothold in the global economy. • In the middle of the 20th century it switched to invest in education and specialized training in order to have a highly specialized workforce • Investments in Japan focus on research and development with enormous budgets in these areas by both businesses and government aid.
European Model • Japan’s rapid industrial development was fueled by its early colonialism in Korea and Northern China (cheap labor) • With the aid of US foreign investment coupled with preventionist policies for private business, Japan was able to recover from the destruction of World War II.
Japan Today • Japan has the 3rd highest GDP at $4 trillion • Japan is the leading producers of automobiles within the world. • This is also an example of extreme capitalism
South Pacific HDI: 0.87 • Economies are traditionally tied to the United Kingdom but have been increasing involvement with Asian nations. • Major exporter of food and resources but limited in economic influence due to its periphery location
East Asia HDI: 0.76 • Chinese Economy (4th in the world in GDP, 1/3 total world economic growth) • Low wages of Chinese workers has resulted in lower international factory wages. • China has an enormous demand on resources causing most industrial centers to be on the coast cutting cost of shipping supplies inland. • China - forgo environmental regulations as well as expanding development within the interior of the country.
Southeast Asia HDI: 0.58 Climate does not allow for traditional cultivation which has forced countries to be exporters of industrial goods • Initially achieved high levels of development but due to corruption within the government foreign investment has decreased. • The governments are now trying to draw investment back to the state at cost to its citizens
South Asia HDI: 0.58 • Has high level of mineral resources but is hindered by its enormous population • Produces a large supply of agricultural goods that usually lead to surplus; issues is these good are reliant on seasonal rains. • India is a booming service economy. Telephone calling services have become a large part of the economy.
Middle East HDI: 0.68 • only region in the world that enjoys trade surplus due to increased oil reserves • struggles to balance economic development with cultural/religious beliefs
Middle East cont. • Alternative Human Development Index • Helps to explain how the Middle East lags in HDI • Operates on three principles of the region • Lack of Political Freedom • Low levels of education and literacy rates • Lack of opportunities for women
Anglo-America HDI: 0.94 • Anglo-America is highly developed and endowed with uniform religion and language. • This region contains large amounts of mineral supplies as well as being underdeveloped for Agriculture • It provides much of the specialized labor in the global community and has adapted from a secondary economic system to a tertiary economic system.
Canada • Canada is primarily a resource exporting country • There is limited manufacturing and aside from Primary the economy is largely focused in the Tertiary sector of the economy • Most of the industry that does exist occurs close to the border with the United States
Canadian Shield • This is one of the richest mineral deposits in the world
United States • The development of United States industry was delayed because of their dependence on the United Kingdom • By 1860 the United States was the second largest industrial power in the world behind the United Kingdom • It was not until the later part of the 19th Century that American industry started to use the steel making process
Latin America: HDI: 0.80 • Majority of the population is concentrated in urban centers. • Mexico is greatly aided in industrialization by its proximity to the United States. • The interior of South America remains undeveloped and has been increasing in deforestation for lumber and agriculture. • Central America lags behind in development because of an inequity in land distribution by wealthy plantation owners.
Major Industrial Centers • The two largest countries in industry are Brazil and Mexico • These countries used protectionists policies in order to prevent foreign industries from interfering with development • Most of these companies are located as close as possible to the major population centers.
The path to NAFTA • Because of protectionist policies the companies in Latin America tended to be highly inefficient • When financial crisis hit during the 1970s these countries had to open up for outside industries. • For Mexico the only option was to work directly with the United States
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) • This free trade agreement signed in 1994 opened the borders between the US, Canada, and Mexico • Without trade restrictions there was a sharp increase in the amount of industrial jobs relocating to Mexico • Maquiladora – plants located along the US-Mexico border that are taking advantage of cheap labor as well as proximity to the market
Problems with NAFTA • Deindustrialization within the United States • Inconsistency with ‘free’ trade • With the United States’ enormous agricultural production Mexican farmers are unable to make a living
Sub-Saharan Africa HDI: 0.51 • This is a heavily rich region in resources • Faces issues with its enormous percent of population living in poverty. • Does not have the agricultural means to support the largest growing population in the world. • Faces internal issues due to previous colonial status. • Lack ability to ship goods from the country.
Brandt Line (North/South Line) • This line is used to show the clear global trend of LDCs existing in the territory below 30° N latitude, with the exception of the South Pacific. • The LDCs closest to this line tend to have higher indexes then those further away.
http://www.theglobaleducationproject.org/earth/human-conditions.phphttp://www.theglobaleducationproject.org/earth/human-conditions.php
