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Abnormal Psychology Chapter 3

The Diagnostic

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Abnormal Psychology Chapter 3

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    1. Abnormal Psychology Chapter 3 Classification and Assessment of Abnormal Behavior

    2. The Diagnostic & Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders DSM-IV-TR (2000) Categorizes and describes over 300 disorders Provides psychologists/psychiatrists with the criteria to determine which psych. disorder the patient is suffering from based on the patients symptoms Uses a multiaxial classification system

    3. The DSM-IV-TR: A Multiaxial Classification System Axis I: Clinical Disorders: Behaviors that impair functioning and cause the individual stress Includes all disorders other than personality disorders and mental retardation Usually first diagnosed in infancy, childhood or adolescence

    4. The DSM-IV-TR: A Multiaxial Classification System Axis I (cont.) Other conditions that may be a focus of clinical attention, such as problems in the following settings Occupational Social Educational

    5. The DSM-IV-TR: A Multiaxial Classification System Axis II Personality Disorders Overly rigid patterns of behavior and ways of relating to others Mental Retardation Delayed/impaired development of intellectual and/or adaptive abilities

    6. The DSM-IV-TR: A Multiaxial Classification System Axis III General Medical Conditions Is for reporting current medical conditions that are related to the mental disorder(s) Cancer ? depression Tumors ? antisocial tendencies

    7. The DSM-IV-TR: A Multiaxial Classification System Axis IV Psychosocial & Environmental Problems May effect the diagnosis, treatment or prognosis Some listings Problems with primary support group (death of a loved one, parental divorce, etc.) Problems related to social environment (difficulty with acculturation, discrimination, loss/death of a friend, etc.) Housing and/or economic problems (homeless, unsafe neighborhood, insufficient welfare support, etc.) Problems with access to health care services

    8. The DSM-IV-TR: A Multiaxial Classification System Axis V Global Assessment of Functioning Reports the clinician’s judgment of the individual’s overall level of functioning Allows for the tracking of clinical progress Pertains only to psychological, social and occupational functioning

    9. The DSM-IV-TR: Culture-Bound Syndromes The DSM recognizes that there are disorders that appear only in certain cultures Dissociative identity disorder is found in Western societies

    10. Classification of Disorders Why do we need a system for classifying abnormal behaviors? Is labeling someone with a psychological disorder helpful, or does it cause more harm than good? Pros? Cons?

    11. Problems With Labeling People Many say labeling creates preconceptions that can bias our perceptions and interpretations Sanism: the negative stereotyping and treatment of those who are mentally ill Being sane in insane places

    12. Assessment: Reliability & Validity Reliability = consistency Validity: is it measuring what it’s supposed to be measuring

    13. Assessment Techniques: Interviews Structured interview Unstructured interview Semi-structured interview Mental status examination (MMSE)

    14. Assessment Techniques: Intelligence Tests Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale: first IQ test used in the U.S. IQ (given in the form of a number) is the score one receives on a test intended to measure verbal and quantitative abilities The overall score takes into account the individual’s chronological and mental age Tasks are designed to be age-appropriate

    15. Assessment Techniques: Intelligence Tests Chronological age Mental age Formula for determining one’s IQ: IQ = Mental Age/Chronological age X 100 Figure 7-3

    16. Assessment Techniques: Intelligence Tests The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS): Most widely used IQ test Measures verbal and performance tasks (F7-1)

    17. Assessment Techniques: Self-Report Personality Tests Objective Tests: Paper and pencil self-reports Person describes him/herself Many use a forced-choice format

    18. Assessment Techniques: Self-Report Personality Tests Minn. Multiphasic Personality Inventory Known as the MMPI-2 Most widely used objective assessment Consists of 567 true/false questions

    19. Assessment Techniques: Projective Tests Use ambiguous, unstructured stimuli Rorschach Test (F. 13.1) Developed by Hermann Rorschach Problem - subjective; reliability/validity low Thematic Apperception Test (F. 13-2) Created by Henry Murray Problem: subjective; reliability/validity low

    20. Other Assessment Techniques Neuropsychological Assessments Attempt to determine whether maladaptive behaviors are due to Neurological impairment (functioning of the nervous system) Brain defects E.g.: People with schizophrenia tend to have less brain activity

    21. Other Assessment Techniques Behavioral Assessment and Techniques Focuses on recording and describing maladaptive behaviors Behavioral interview Used to discover the history and the situational aspects of the maladaptive behavior When did this first start When does it occur What brings it on, etc.

    22. Other Assessment Techniques Behavioral Assessment and Techniques Self-Monitoring Clients are trained to record and/or monitor their maladaptive behaviors In what situations does it occur What were you experiencing How frequently does it occur, etc. Problem: Will the information be accurate?

    23. Other Assessment Techniques Cognitive Assessment Measures attitudes, beliefs and thought patterns Look for self-defeating, irrational or dysfunctional cognitions Techniques used Diaries Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire Measures the types of self-defeating thoughts that a person frequently has about him/herself

    24. Physiological Assessment Techniques Electroencephalograph: Makes a record of brain wave activity Used to examine brain wave patterns associated with: Schizophrenia Abnormal behavior patterns

    25. Physiological Assessment Techniques Computed tomography scan (CT scan): Reveals abnormalities that may suggest blood clots, lesions or tumors It may be these abnormalities that are causing the person to behave abnormally (E.g. violent or overly hostile)

    26. Physiological Assessment Techniques Positron emission tomography (PET) scan: Reveals activity in various parts of the brain Used to identify malfunctions within the brain that can cause physical and psychological disorders

    27. Physiological Assessment Techniques Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): Produces high-resolution images of the structures of the brain Causes the brain to emit signals, some of which suggest certain psychological disorders such as OCD and schizophrenia

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