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Table of Contents. Properties of Minerals How Minerals Form Using Mineral Resources. - Properties of Minerals. What Is a Mineral?. Mineral – naturally occurring, inorganic solid that has a crystal structure and a definite chemical composition.

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Table of Contents

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  1. Table of Contents Properties of Minerals How Minerals Form Using Mineral Resources

  2. - Properties of Minerals What Is a Mineral? • Mineral – naturally occurring, inorganic solid that has a crystal structure and a definite chemical composition. • A substance must have 5 characteristics in order to be considered a mineral: • Naturally occurring – substance cannot be man made • Inorganic - the substance cannot form from materials that were once part of a living thing

  3. What Is a Mineral? 3. Solid – substance must be a solid with a definite volume and shape • Crystal - a solid in which the atoms are arranged in a pattern that repeats again and again • Definite Chemical Composition – the substance always contains certain elements in definite proportions

  4. Identifying Minerals • Geologists have identified about 3,800 minerals. Each mineral has characteristic properties that can be used to identify it. • Color – can be used to identify only those few minerals that always have their own characteristic color • Ex: Malachite is always green; Azurite is always blue

  5. Identifying Minerals • Streak – the color of a mineral’s powder. • Observe a streak by rubbing a mineral against a piece of unglazed porcelain tile • Streak color and mineral color are often different.

  6. Identifying Minerals • Luster – the way a mineral reflects light from its surface. • There are many different terms used to describe various lusters. They include: metallic, glassy, earthy, waxy, brilliant, and pearly

  7. Identifying Minerals • Density – mass in a given space or volume • No matter what the size of a mineral sample, the density of that mineral always remains the same.

  8. To calculate the density of a mineral, divide the mass of the mineral sample by its volume. Density = Mass/Volume For example, if a sample of olivine has a mass of 237 g and a volume of 72 cm3, then the density is 237 g/72 cm3 = 3.3 g/cm3 - Properties of Minerals Calculating Density

  9. - Properties of Minerals Calculating Density • Practice Problem • A sample of calcite has a mass of 324 g and a volume of 120 cm3. What is its density? • 324 g ÷ 120 cm3 = 2.7 g/cm3

  10. Identifying Minerals • Hardness – refers to the mineral’s ability to resist scratching. • Mohs hardness scale – ranks ten minerals from softest to hardest

  11. Talc 1 Easily scratched by fingernail Gypsum 2 Can be scratched by fingernail Calcite 3 Can be scratched by copper penny Fluorite 4 Easily scratched with steel file/glass Apatite 5 Easily scratched with steel file/glass Feldspar 6 Scratches glass with difficulty Quartz 7 Easily scratches both glass and steel Topaz 8 Scratches quartz Corundum 9 No simple tests Diamond 10 Scratches everything

  12. Identifying Minerals • Crystal systems - crystals of each mineral grow atom by atom to form that mineral’s crystal structure. • Classified into six groups based on the number and angle of the crystal faces • Cleavage– mineral’s ability to split easily along flat surfaces. • Fracture – the way a mineral looks when it breaks apart in an irregular way.

  13. Identifying Minerals • Special properties - some minerals can be identified by special physical properties • Ex: magnetism (Magnetite), fluorescence (Sheelite), radioactivity, reaction to acids, optical and electrical properties

  14. - Properties of Minerals Identifying Minerals

  15. - Properties of Minerals Mineral Density • Use the line graph of the mass and volume of pyrite samples to answer the questions.

  16. 50 g; 10 cm3 Reading Graphs: What is the mass of Sample B? What is the volume of Sample B? - Properties of Minerals Mineral Density

  17. 5 g/cm3 Calculating: What is the density of Sample B? - Properties of Minerals Mineral Density

  18. 100 g; 20 cm3 Reading Graphs: What is the mass of Sample C? What is the volume of Sample C? - Properties of Minerals Mineral Density

  19. 5 g/cm3 Calculating: What is the density of Sample C? - Properties of Minerals Mineral Density

  20. The density of samples B and C is the same. Comparing and Contrasting: Compare the density of Sample B to that ofSample C. - Properties of Minerals Mineral Density

  21. 8 g Predicting: A piece of pyrite has a volume of 40 cm3. What is its mass? - Properties of Minerals Mineral Density

  22. No; Larger samples have more mass, but the ratio between mass and volume is constant. Drawing Conclusions: Does the density of a mineral depend on the size of the mineral sample? Explain. - Properties of Minerals Mineral Density

  23. - Properties of Minerals Crystal Systems Activity • Click the Active Art button to open a browser window and access Active Art about crystal systems.

  24. - Properties of Minerals Data Sharing Lab • Click the PHSchool.com button for an activity about sharing data for the Skills Lab Finding the Density of Minerals.

  25. - How Minerals Form Where Minerals Form • Minerals form on surfaces through evaporation of solutions containing dissolved minerals. • Minerals form beneath surfaces when dissolved elements and compounds leave a hot water solution or when magma cools and hardens.

  26. - How Minerals Form Where Minerals Form • Geode – a hollow rock inside which mineral crystals have grown. • Crystallization – process by which atoms are arranged to form a material with a crystal structure.

  27. - How Minerals Form Minerals From Solutions • Solution – a mixture in which one substance is dissolved in another. • When elements and compounds that are dissolved in water leave a solution, crystallization occurs. • Some minerals form when solutions evaporate • Ex: salt crystals (Halite), Gypsum, Calcite

  28. - How Minerals Form Minerals From Solutions • Other mineral crystals form from hot water solutions that begin to cool. • Many times the hot water is a result of geothermal (underground) heat • Ex: Silver • Pure metals that crystallize from hot water solutions underground often form veins • Vein – a narrow channel or slab of a mineral • that is different from the surrounding rock.

  29. - How Minerals Form More on Mineral Formation • Click the PHSchool.com button for an activityabout mineral formation.

  30. - Using Mineral Resources The Uses of Minerals • Minerals are the source of gemstones, metals, and a variety of materials used to make many products. • Gemstone – a hard, colorful mineral that has a brilliant or glassy luster. • Mainly used for decoration and jewelry, but can be used for grinding and polishing.

  31. - Using Mineral Resources Rubies • Click the Video button to watch a movie about rubies.

  32. Metals – not as hard as gemstones but can be molded without breaking Used in building supplies, tools, framings, etc. People use materials from these minerals in foods, medicines, fertilizers, and building materials. - Using Mineral Resources The Uses of Minerals

  33. - Using Mineral Resources Producing Metals From Minerals • To produce metal from a mineral: • A rock containing the mineral must be located through prospecting and mined (removed from the ground) • Then the rock must be processed to extract the metal.

  34. - Using Mineral Resources Producing Metals From Minerals • Ore – rock that contains a metal or economically useful mineral. • Prospector – anyone who searches, or prospects, for an ore deposit. • Once found, miners outline a plan for digging up the ore. There are three types of mines: • strip mines, open pit mines, and shaft mines

  35. - Using Mineral Resources Producing Metals From Minerals • Strip mine – large pieces of equipment are used to scrape away soil to expose ore • Open pit – large pieces of equipment are used to dig a tremendous pit and remove ore deposits • Shaft mines - have a network of tunnels that extend deep into the ground, following the veins of ore.

  36. - Using Mineral Resources Links on Mining Minerals • Click the SciLinks button for links on mining minerals.

  37. - Using Mineral Resources Producing Metals From Minerals • Smelting – an ore is mixed with other substances and then melted to separate the useful metal from the other elements the ore contains.

  38. - Using Mineral Resources Producing Aluminum • Click the Video button to watch a movie aboutproducing aluminum.

  39. - Using Mineral Resources Producing Metals From Minerals • Once smelted, the impurities will be removed. • At this point some metals can be melted together to form alloys • Alloy – a solid mixture of two or more elements, at least one of which is a metal. • Ex: Steel

  40. Graphic Organizer Hematite Brick Naturally occurring Man-made Solid Crystal structure No crystal structure Inorganic Chemical composition varies Definite chemical composition

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