Gian Piero Pescarmona Elena Giglia University of Torino

1. TARGETED KNOWLEDGE:INTERACTION AND RICH USER EXPERIENCE TOWARDS A SCHOLARLY COMMUNICATION THAT “LETS” Gian PieroPescarmona Elena Giglia University of Torino

2. We look for….. The Web offers….. WebjournalsnewspaperadvertisingblogsdatabasesasyoulikeforeignerstandingovationparallelcomputingandnetworkingfredomandpeacearenotequallydistributedaccordingtomyopinionthepopeleftRomeonsu

3. Any question get many answers too many answers…

4. and in most cases conflicting………

5. Information is always biased by the publisher’s aims publisher’s opinions raw data

6. The bias ofscholarly communication • Data Selection, Fraud and/or Conflict of Interest, Poor Reproducibility and Relevant Information Omission • The system of anonimous peer reviewers can prevent publication of results contrary to the prevailing paradigm • The experience should shape the scientific paradigms, but currently the scientific establishment pretends to shape the experience.

7. How it is possible to reduce the bias due to publisher’s choices on the basis of his targets? publisher’s opinions raw data

8. Any target requires a specific set of information In our case the discipline is Clinical Biochemistryand the target is the identification of the molecular bases of symptoms and diseases.

9. How to circumvent the bias induced by selection? • Declaring the criteria used for selection • Allowing everybody to bring new evidences against or in favour of the criteria • Revising them according to the global experience (“Falsification”, according to K. Popper)

10. How is the information structured to create knowledge ? The Pinball Machine and the Cloud • Reports (The description of the Reality) • Items and Pathways (Specific information structured according to the Rules) • Rules (the Criteria used to select Information)

11. The Ontology of Life on Earth (The Rules) A simple but comprehensive description of life nutrients

12. The metaphoric Pinball Life is a numberless sequence of bifurcations with no return. The choice depends on both the properties of the organism and the local environmental conditions The Cloud asexample of stochastic event

13. Metabolic pathways are usually described as relatively simple systems But, as final products of a millions years evolution, they are more correctly described by a complex network

14. If all living systems are strongly interconnected as described, how successfull can be a simplified approach like SymptomDrug ? We have to approach every single event of a living system (does’nt matter the point of view: biological, medical, economical) evaluating it in its complex environment.

15. The daily life Disclaimer Be aware that all medical information and clinical examples quoted here are intended only for illustration of the method and not for discussion of their medical issues • A patient with gastroesophageal reflux and a newly discovered pancreatic cancer. • While waiting for further diagnostic tests he receives a medication with an omeprazole derivative, to relief his pain. • Pancreatic cancer incidence on the overall population ranges from 4 to 30 /100.000 • Use of omeprazole for gastroesophageal reflux disease involves millions people in a country like Italy (around 5% of the adult population)

16. Let’s imagine the patient as a part of a whole The gastric production of acid is tightly controlled: the acid production is under the control of the hormone gastrin Low gastric acid increases Gastrin production. Gastrin stimulates proton pumping and/or cells proliferation Omeprazole inhibits Proton Pumps and increases Gastrin synthesis fivefold

17. Searching gastrin and pancreatic cancer

18. ….by the observation that inhibition of gastric acid secretion by H2 receptor antagonists results in hypergastrinaemia. A large number of cell types have gastrin receptors including pancreatic cancer cells which have been shown to be stimulated by gastrin.

19. Apparently, real life events can be described by a set of keywords describing what we see Real life events can be described by a set of keywords Real life objects are the result of causal relationships between events, even when we don’t know exactly all of them We can easily search the Web with the same set of keywords butwe usually finda rather poor correspondence to the original event

20. Combination of the 2 approaches tremendously increases their efficiency Searching by keywords may retrieve many unrelated objects (e.g. 100 results) Evaluation of causal connection may refine the search strenghtening real similarities (e.g. 6 results)

21. And allows identification of new causal connections Real life events can be described by a set of keywords Small differences in similar objects (or in the same objects in different environments) can be easily explained by identification of new causal connections formerly unrecognized

22. The causal network is under continuous remodelingIt is not a Paradigm Every report of an event is compared to the network: similarities strenghten the known connections, differences create new ones.

23. The causal network becomes more and more robustIt is shaped by the daily events The usual approach to the scientific truth: the few can decide what the many are allowed to see, is no longer valid. Only models that can accomodate all the instances of the reality are valid.

24. Conclusion The use of an evolutionary network of objects linked by causal connections to whom refer and compare every single instance of the reality can allow a full exploitation of the opportunities offered by Web 2.0.And allows you to extract the information you need from the bulk…………

25. Strategy is a defined knowledge. The science by itself. In the Go specific case of knowledge the first step is to aim of life sciences, to medicine, social sciences is modify the reality when it is no longer the sustainable, whatever it could mean in every single situation. I have to know left how my system works to modify it. Knowledge is the

26. Aknowledgment: to all Institutions that not funding my experimental work let me plenty of time to study the knowledge structure. The End

28. The Pinball Machine and the Cloud The Pinball Machine and the Cloud

29. How can students learn to use information for their continuous education? They are forced to • identify and to create causal connections between objects, on the basis of a specific ontology, to solve their problems • Create connections to selected databases • Search any Web source for the proper information • Using the right tool……..