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Lecture 1 Introduction to Remote Sensing „Rules of the Game“

Remote Sensing Summer 2008 Björn-Martin Sinnhuber and Astrid Bracher Room NW1 - U3215 Tel. 218 8958 bms@iup.physik.uni-bremen.de bracher@uni-bremen.de www.iup.uni-bremen.de/~bms/remote_sensing. Lecture 1 Introduction to Remote Sensing „Rules of the Game“

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Lecture 1 Introduction to Remote Sensing „Rules of the Game“

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  1. Remote SensingSummer 2008Björn-Martin Sinnhuber and Astrid BracherRoom NW1 - U3215Tel. 218 8958bms@iup.physik.uni-bremen.debracher@uni-bremen.dewww.iup.uni-bremen.de/~bms/remote_sensing Sinnhuber & Bracher, Remote Sensing, University of Bremen, Summer 2008

  2. Lecture 1Introduction to Remote Sensing • „Rules of the Game“ • Examples of Remote Sensing Applications Sinnhuber & Bracher, Remote Sensing, University of Bremen, Summer 2008

  3. Outline General Principles of Remote Sensing Lecture 1Introduction to Remote Sensing Lecture 2Electromagnetic Radiation Lecture 3 Radiative Transfer Lecture 4 Satellite Remote Sensing Lecture 5Retrieval Techniques / Inverse Methods Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere: Lecture 6 Microwave Tehniques Lecture 7 Infra-Red Techniques Lecture 8 Spectroscopy Lecture 9Optical (UV / Visible) Remote Sensing Lecture 10Active Techniques and Meteorological Applications Remote Sensing of the Ocean Surface: Lecture 11 Sea Ice Remote Sensing Lecture 12Remote Sensing of Ocean Currents and SST Lecture 13Ocean Colour & Summary Sinnhuber & Bracher, Remote Sensing, University of Bremen, Summer 2008

  4. General Information: „The rules of the game“ Lecture • 13 lectures, every Monday 13:15-14:45 • ECTS: 4 • One „rapporteur“ gives brief summary (5 min.) of previous lecture. Mandatory for each student. Fix your date in the list (check on website)! Exercises • 10 exercises: turned out Mondays, given back next Monday, 10 points total for each exercise • Exercises are discussed every Thursdays 13:15-14:00 (not 1st and last week, not holidays 1st and 15th May) with Gregor Kiesewetter (gregor@iup.physik.uni-bremen.de, phone: 2188689) Exam • Written exam 14 July 2008; 9:30-11:30 • Prerequisite: >70 points in all exercises and one report Sinnhuber & Bracher, Remote Sensing, University of Bremen, Summer 2008

  5. Literature • Charles ElachiIntroduction to the Physics and Techniques of Remote Sensing • Graeme L. StephensRemote Sensing of the Lower Atmosphere • Martin Seelye An Introduction to Ocean Remote Sensing Sinnhuber & Bracher, Remote Sensing, University of Bremen, Summer 2008

  6. Lecture 1Introduction to Remote Sensing • „Rules of the Game“ • Examples of Remote Sensing Applications Sinnhuber & Bracher, Remote Sensing, University of Bremen, Summer 2008

  7. Photo takenby crew ofApollo 17 7 Dec 1972 Sinnhuber & Bracher, Remote Sensing, University of Bremen, Summer 2008

  8. from maps.google.com Sinnhuber & Bracher, Remote Sensing, University of Bremen, Summer 2008

  9. A Note on Spatial Resolution The maximum achievable resolution with an optical system is given by with α: opening angle, D: diameter of the optical aperture,λ: wavelength. Because with x: object size and h: sensor height we get (Rayleigh criterion) α h x Sinnhuber & Bracher, Remote Sensing, University of Bremen, Summer 2008

  10. Resolution: An example Assume some typical values: h: 800 km, D: 4m (huge!),λ: 500 nm: Sinnhuber & Bracher, Remote Sensing, University of Bremen, Summer 2008

  11. ENVISAT: Launched 1 March 2002 Sinnhuber & Bracher, Remote Sensing, University of Bremen, Summer 2008

  12. MERIS/ENVISAT Sinnhuber & Bracher, Remote Sensing, University of Bremen, Summer 2008

  13. SeaWIFS, 26. Feb. 2000 Sinnhuber & Bracher, Remote Sensing, University of Bremen, Summer 2008

  14. MERIS/ENVISAT, Cloud Top Pressure Sinnhuber & Bracher, Remote Sensing, University of Bremen, Summer 2008

  15. Ocean colour: MERIS/ENVISAT, 443 nm Sinnhuber & Bracher, Remote Sensing, University of Bremen, Summer 2008

  16. Ocean colour: MERIS/ENVISAT, 560 nm Sinnhuber & Bracher, Remote Sensing, University of Bremen, Summer 2008

  17. Ocean colour: MERIS/ENVISAT, Chlorophyll Sinnhuber & Bracher, Remote Sensing, University of Bremen, Summer 2008

  18. Absorption windows of atmospheric constituents Sinnhuber & Bracher, Remote Sensing, University of Bremen, Summer 2008

  19. Antarctic Ozone Hole Observing the Ozone Layer http://www.iup.physik.uni-bremen.de/gomenrt/ Global measurements of total ozone columns Measurement type: Satellite-based passive remote sensing Instrument:Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME) /ERS-2 Measured quantity: Total ozone columns (from backscattered solar radiation) Sinnhuber & Bracher, Remote Sensing, University of Bremen, Summer 2008

  20. The Arctic Ozone Layer Ten years of GOME observtions Sinnhuber & Bracher, Remote Sensing, University of Bremen, Summer 2008

  21. 100 m 10-4 cm-1 10 MHz 10 m 10-3 cm-1 Radio 100 MHz 1 m 10-2 cm-1 1 GHz 10 cm 0.1 cm-1 10 GHz Microwave 1 cm 1 cm-1 100 GHz 1 mm 10 cm-1 1 THz sub-mm – Far IR 0.1 mm 100 cm-1 10 THz 10 μm 1000 cm-1Thermal IR al IR 100 THz Near IR 1 μm 104 cm-1 1000 THz Ultraviolet 100 nm 105 cm-1 Wavelength Frequency Wave number Visible 400-700 nm The Electromagnetic Spectrum Sinnhuber & Bracher, Remote Sensing, University of Bremen, Summer 2008

  22. Solar Spectrum and Terrestrial Spectrum Sinnhuber & Bracher, Remote Sensing, University of Bremen, Summer 2008

  23. MODIS / Terra, Gulfstream Temperature Sinnhuber & Bracher, Remote Sensing, University of Bremen, Summer 2008

  24. Sinnhuber & Bracher, Remote Sensing, University of Bremen, Summer 2008

  25. AMSU-B Data (183 ±1 GHz) Microwave Remote Sensing Dry areas in the UT (NOAA 16, Channel 18, 15.6.2004. Figure: Oliver Lemke) Sinnhuber & Bracher, Remote Sensing, University of Bremen, Summer 2008

  26. Satellite Limb Sounding (Figure: Oliver Lemke) Sinnhuber & Bracher, Remote Sensing, University of Bremen, Summer 2008

  27. Microwave Limb Sonder (MLS) onboard UARS Sinnhuber & Bracher, Remote Sensing, University of Bremen, Summer 2008

  28. Airborne Microwave Remote Sensing Sinnhuber & Bracher, Remote Sensing, University of Bremen, Summer 2008

  29. ASUR frequency range and primary species Sinnhuber & Bracher, Remote Sensing, University of Bremen, Summer 2008

  30. A picture from the SOLVE campaignin Kiruna, Sweden, January 2000 Sinnhuber & Bracher, Remote Sensing, University of Bremen, Summer 2008

  31. Validation of satellite data is important ... Sinnhuber & Bracher, Remote Sensing, University of Bremen, Summer 2008

  32. Ground-based Radiometer for Atmospheric Measurements (RAM) Sinnhuber & Bracher, Remote Sensing, University of Bremen, Summer 2008

  33. Measured Microwave Spectrum by the RAM Sinnhuber & Bracher, Remote Sensing, University of Bremen, Summer 2008

  34. Pressure Broadening of Spectral Lines 50km / 0.5 hPa 20km / 50 hPa 10km / 200 hPa Sinnhuber & Bracher, Remote Sensing, University of Bremen, Summer 2008

  35. The matrix A is also called as the weighting function matrix. Finding x from measured y would require inversion of A: However, this is generally not possible (inverse of A does not exist). Therefore one has to find some „generallized“ inverse of A: A Note on Profile Retrieval Often we can describe the relation between the (unknown)atmospheric profile x and the measured spectrum y by alinear equation: Sinnhuber & Bracher, Remote Sensing, University of Bremen, Summer 2008

  36. Lidar In-space Technology Experiment (LITE) on Discovery in September 1994 as part of the STS-64 mission http://www-lite.larc.nasa.gov/index.html Sinnhuber & Bracher, Remote Sensing, University of Bremen, Summer 2008

  37. Radar Image ENVISAT ASAR 15 April 2005 Sinnhuber & Bracher, Remote Sensing, University of Bremen, Summer 2008

  38. Sea ice concentration fromAMSR-E 89 GHz 15 April 2007 www.seaice.de courtesy of Lars Kaleschke Sinnhuber & Bracher, Remote Sensing, University of Bremen, Summer 2008

  39. Sea ice concentration fromAMSR-E 89 GHz 15 April 2007 www.seaice.de False colour image courtesy of Lars Kaleschke Sinnhuber & Bracher, Remote Sensing, University of Bremen, Summer 2008

  40. Sea ice concentration fromAMSR-E 89 GHz 06 April 2008 www.seaice.de False colour image courtesy of Lars Kaleschke Sinnhuber & Bracher, Remote Sensing, University of Bremen, Summer 2008

  41. pollution biomass burning Example: SCIAMACHY Tropospheric NO2 Courtesy of Andreas Richter Sinnhuber & Bracher, Remote Sensing, University of Bremen, Summer 2008

  42. GOME annual changes in tropospheric NO2 1996 - 2002 GOME NO2: Temporal Evolution • 7 years of GOME data • DOAS retrieval + CTM-stratospheric correction • seasonal and local AMF based on 1997 MOART-2 run • cloud screening • NO2 reductions in Europe and parts of the US • strong increase over China • consistent with significant NOx emission changes A. Richter et al., Increase in tropospheric nitrogen dioxide over China observed from space, Nature, 4372005 Sinnhuber & Bracher, Remote Sensing, University of Bremen, Summer 2008

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