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Statistical Analysis

Statistical Analysis. Quantitative research is first and foremost a logical rather than a mathematical (i.e., statistical) operation Statistics represent an efficient language for accomplishing the logical operations of data analysis. Looking at a dataset. Descriptive Statistics.

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Statistical Analysis

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  1. Statistical Analysis • Quantitative research is first and foremost a logical rather than a mathematical (i.e., statistical) operation • Statistics represent an efficient language for accomplishing the logical operations of data analysis

  2. Looking at a dataset

  3. Descriptive Statistics • Statistical computations describing the characteristics of a sample • Summary information for each variable in sample data set • Used in more advanced statistical tests (inferential) to explore differences among and relationships between variables in order to generalize to the population

  4. Frequency Distributions • A description of the number of times the various attributes of a variable are observed in a sample (pg. 192) • Ideal for categorial variables

  5. Contingency Tables • A format that allows us to see how frequences for one variable are contingent on, or relative to, frequencies for another variable (see pg 201) • Two categorical variables

  6. Measures of Central Tendency • Mean • Arithmetic mean or average • Most sensitive to extreme scores • Median • Middle of all scores on one variable • Mode • Score or scores that appear most often

  7. Measures of Dispersion • Describes the variability or spread of scores • Should be reported with mean • Range • Highest to lowest score • Standard deviation or sd – shows how far the average score deviates (varies) from the mean • If sd = 0, all scores are the same • Larger the sd, the more the scores differ from the mean

  8. Normal Curve(Probability Sampling Theory) • As scientists over time and across disciplines have collected data from natural sources, they have discovered that frequency distributions of data sets tend to have particular shape – the “normal curve” • A theoretical distribution of scores • Majority of cases distributed around the peak in the middle • Progressively fewer cases moving away from the middle • Symmetrical – one side mirrors the other

  9. p. 190

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