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Course Project = Algal Lipid Production Decide which algae to study

Course Project = Algal Lipid Production Decide which algae to study http://www.cbs.umn.edu/lab/wackett/links/oil Learn more about cell walls and lipid synthesis Design some experiments See where they lead us. Course Project = Algal Lipid Production Decide which algae to study

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Course Project = Algal Lipid Production Decide which algae to study

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  1. Course Project = Algal Lipid Production • Decide which algae to study • http://www.cbs.umn.edu/lab/wackett/links/oil • Learn more about cell walls and lipid synthesis • Design some experiments • See where they lead us

  2. Course Project = Algal Lipid Production • Decide which algae to study • http://www.cbs.umn.edu/lab/wackett/links/oil • Next assignment: each pick an alga and product and convince the group in 5-10 minutes why your choice is best. Next Wed?

  3. Potential experiments • Effects of environment on lipid production • pCO2 • Temperature • Light quantity • Light quality = color(s) • Nutrition • Adding acetate? • 2. Effects of environment on cell walls

  4. Potential experiments • Effects of environment on lipid production • pCO2 • Temperature • Light quantity • Light quality = color(s) • Nutrition • 2. Effects of environment on cell walls • 3. Effects of inhibitors on cell walls

  5. Lipid metabolism Unique aspects in plants Make fatty acids in plastids large amounts of galactolipids Oleosomes: oil-storing organelles with only outer leaflet

  6. Plant Growth Size & shape depends on cell # & cell size

  7. Plant Growth Size & shape depends on cell # & cell size Decide when,where and which way to divide

  8. Plant Growth • Size & shape depends on cell # & cell size • Decide which way to divide & which way to elongate • Periclinal = perpendicular to surface

  9. Plant Growth • Size & shape depends on cell # & cell size • Decide which way to divide & which way to elongate • Periclinal = perpendicular to surface: get longer

  10. Plant Growth • Size & shape depends on cell # & cell size • Decide which way to divide & which way to elongate • Periclinal = perpendicular to surface: get longer • Anticlinal = parallel to surface

  11. Plant Growth • Size & shape depends on cell # & cell size • Decide which way to divide & which way to elongate • Periclinal = perpendicular to surface: get longer • Anticlinal = parallel to surface: add more layers

  12. Plant Growth • Decide which way to divide & which way to elongate • Periclinal = perpendicular to surface: get longer • Anticlinal = parallel to surface: add more layers • Now must decide which way to elongate

  13. Plant Growth • Decide which way to divide & which way to elongate • Periclinal = perpendicular to surface: get longer • Anticlinal = parallel to surface: add more layers • Now must decide which way to elongate: which walls to stretch

  14. Plant Cell Walls and Growth Carbohydrate barrier surrounding cell • Protects & gives cell shape

  15. Plant Cell Walls and Growth Carbohydrate barrier surrounding cell • Protects & gives cell shape • 1˚ wall made first • mainly cellulose • Can stretch!

  16. Plant Cell Walls and Growth Carbohydrate barrier surrounding cell • Protects & gives cell shape • 1˚ wall made first • mainly cellulose • Can stretch! • 2˚ wall made after growth stops • Lignins make it tough

  17. Plant Cell Walls and Growth • 1˚ wall made first • mainly cellulose • Can stretch! Control elongation by controlling orientation of cell wall fibers as wall is made

  18. Plant Cell Walls and Growth • 1˚ wall made first • mainly cellulose • Can stretch! Control elongation by controlling orientation of cell wall fibers as wall is made • 1˚ walls = 25% cellulose, 25% hemicellulose, 35% pectin, 5% protein (but highly variable)

  19. Plant Cell Walls and Growth 1˚ walls = 25% cellulose, 25% hemicellulose, 35% pectin, 5% protein (but highly variable) Cellulose: ordered chains made of glucose linked b 1-4

  20. Plant Cell Walls and Growth 1˚ walls = 25% cellulose, 25% hemicellulose, 35% pectin, 5% protein (but highly variable) Cellulose: ordered chains made of glucose linked b 1-4 • Cross-link with neighbors to form strong, stable fibers

  21. Plant Cell Walls and Growth Cellulose: ordered chains made of glucose linked b 1-4 • Cross-link with neighbors to form strong, stable fibers • Made by enzyme embedded in the plasma membrane • Guided by cytoskeleton • Other wall chemicals are made in Golgi & secreted • Only cellulose pattern is tightly controlled

  22. Plant Cell Walls and Growth Cellulose pattern is tightly controlled • 6 CES enzymes form a “rosette”: each makes 6 chains -> 36/fiber

  23. Plant Cell Walls and Growth Cellulose pattern is tightly controlled • 6 CES enzymes form a “rosette”: each makes 6 chains -> 36/fiber • Rosettes are guided by microtubules

  24. Plant Cell Walls and Growth Cellulose pattern is tightly controlled • 6 CES enzymes form a “rosette”: each makes 6 chains • Rosettes are guided by microtubules • Deposition pattern determines direction of elongation

  25. Plant Cell Walls and Growth Cellulose pattern is tightly controlled • Deposition pattern determines direction of elongation • New fibers are perpendicular to growth direction, yet fibers form a mesh

  26. Plant Cell Walls and Growth New fibers are perpendicular to growth direction, yet fibers form a mesh Multinet hypothesis: fibers reorient as cell elongates Old fibers are anchored so gradually shift as cell grows

  27. Plant Cell Walls and Growth New fibers are perpendicular to growth direction, yet fibers form a mesh Multinet hypothesis: fibers reorient as cell elongates Old fibers are anchored so gradually shift as cell grows Result = mesh

  28. Plant Cell Walls and Growth 1˚ walls = 25% cellulose, 25% hemicellulose, 35% pectin, 5% protein (but highly variable) Hemicelluloses AKA cross-linking glycans: bind cellulose

  29. Plant Cell Walls and Growth Hemicelluloses AKA cross-linking glycans: bind cellulose Coat cellulose & bind neighbor

  30. Plant Cell Walls and Growth Hemicelluloses AKA cross-linking glycans Coat cellulose & bind neighbor Diverse group of glucans: also linked b 1-4, but may have other sugars and components attached to C6

  31. Hemicelluloses Diverse group of glucans: also linked b 1-4, but may have other sugars and components attached to C6 makes digestion more difficult

  32. Hemicelluloses Diverse group of glucans: also linked b 1-4, but may have other sugars and components attached to C6 makes digestion more difficult Assembled in Golgi

  33. Plant Cell Walls and Growth Hemicelluloses AKA cross-linking glycans A diverse group of glucans also linked b 1-4, but may have other sugars and components attached to C6 makes digestion more difficult Assembled in Golgi Secreted cf woven

  34. Plant Cell Walls and Growth 1˚ walls = 25% cellulose, 25% hemicellulose, 35% pectin, 5% protein (but highly variable) Pectins: fill space between cellulose-hemicellulose fibers

  35. Pectins Pectins: fill space between cellulose-hemicellulose fibers Form gel that determines cell wall porosity(& makes jam)

  36. Pectins Pectins: fill space between cellulose-hemicellulose fibers Form gel that determines cell wall porosity (& makes jam) Acidic, so also modulate pH & bind polars

  37. Pectins Pectins: fill space between cellulose-hemicellulose fibers Form gel that determines cell wall porosity (& makes jam) Acidic, so also modulate pH & bind polars Backbone is 1-4 linked galacturonic acid

  38. Pectins Backbone is 1-4 linked galacturonic acid Have complex sugar side-chains, vary by spp.

  39. Pectins Backbone is 1-4 linked galacturonic acid Have complex sugar side-chains, vary by spp.

  40. Plant Cell Walls and Growth Also 4 main multigenic families of structural proteins

  41. Plant Cell Walls and Growth Also 4 main multigenic families of structural proteins Amounts vary between cell types & conditions

  42. Plant Cell Walls and Growth Also 4 main multigenic families of structural proteins Amounts vary between cell types & conditions • HRGP: hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins (eg extensin) • Proline changed to hydroxyproline in Golgi

  43. Plant Cell Wall Proteins • HRGP: hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins (eg extensin) • Proline changed to hydroxyproline in Golgi • Highly glycosylated: helps bind CH2O

  44. Plant Cell Wall Proteins • HRGP: hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins (eg extensin) • Proline changed to hydroxyproline in Golgi • Highly glycosylated: helps bind CH2O • Common in cambium, phloem

  45. Plant Cell Wall Proteins • HRGP: hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins (eg extensin) • Proline changed to hydroxyproline in Golgi • Highly glycosylated: helps bind CH2O • Common in cambium, phloem • Help lock the wall after growth ceases

  46. Plant Cell Wall Proteins • HRGP: hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins (eg extensin) • Proline changed to hydroxyproline in Golgi • Highly glycosylated: helps bind CH2O • Common in cambium, phloem • Help lock the wall after growth ceases • Induced by wounding 2. PRP: proline-rich proteins

  47. Plant Cell Wall Proteins • HRGP: hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins (eg extensin) • PRP: proline-rich proteins • Low glycosylation = little interaction with CH2O

  48. Plant Cell Wall Proteins • HRGP: hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins (eg extensin) • PRP: proline-rich proteins • Low glycosylation = little interaction with CH2O • Common in xylem, fibers, cortex

  49. Plant Cell Wall Proteins • HRGP: hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins (eg extensin) • PRP: proline-rich proteins • Low glycosylation = little interaction with CH2O • Common in xylem, fibers, cortex • May help lock HRGPs together

  50. Plant Cell Wall Proteins • HRGP: hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins (eg extensin) • PRP: proline-rich proteins • Low glycosylation = little interaction with CH2O • Common in xylem, fibers, cortex • May help lock HRGPs together • GRP: Glycine-rich proteins • No glycosylation = little interaction with CH2O

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