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Key Questions

COEUR - BCM Business Creativity Module Critical Thinking and the Creative Personality Carolyn McNicholas Aberdeen Business School, RGU. Key Questions. How do creative/ entrepreneurial people differ? What makes one creative/ entrepreneurial? Can anyone be creative/ entrepreneurial?

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Key Questions

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  1. COEUR - BCMBusiness Creativity ModuleCritical Thinking and the Creative Personality Carolyn McNicholasAberdeen Business School, RGU

  2. Key Questions • How do creative/ entrepreneurial people differ? • What makes one creative/ entrepreneurial? • Can anyone be creative/ entrepreneurial? • Do you need special skills and characteristics to be an entrepreneur? • Are entrepreneurs born or made?

  3. Personality Traits Strong need for achievement (Nach) McCelland 1965 • high achievers • spend time considering how to do a job better or how to accomplish something important to them. • They actively seek out opportunities to take responsibility and • They welcome feedback on their actions Risk taking propensity • Medium, calculated risk takers • Avoid high and low risk situations • Ability to evaluate risk

  4. Personality Traits • Locus of control Rotter 1966 • desire to be in control of their own fate • High internal LOC • the achievement of a goal is dependent on their own behaviour • Tolerance of ambiguity Schere 1982 • have an open mind, • respond quickly to change, • need to know only the key facts • have a flexible attitude

  5. Personality Traits • Desire for autonomyBirley and Westhead 1993 • high need for independence • Smith 1967- fear of external control • Determination • Initiative • Creativity • Self confidence • Trust

  6. Personality Traits Chell, Haworth and Brearley (1994) & Chell 2008 • Opportunity recognition/ Opportunistic • Entrepreneurial self-efficacy (ESE) • Social competence • Intuitive • Innovative • Imaginative • Proactive • Agents of change

  7. The ‘Big Five’ based on Costa and McCrae’s (1992) model of personality structure

  8. The Personality Approach Observations are that: • Some personality traits can be acquired by people • Some traits eg high energy, emotional stability are innate • Most entrepreneurs do not possess all of the ideal personality traits • The validity and reliability of personality scales are questioned

  9. The Personality Approach • Entrepreneurs are not homogenous • Gender, age, social class, nationality and education make a difference • Environment and cultural influences must also be taken into account • Entrepreneurial decision making is based on the interaction of many factors (motivations, stage in life cycle, personal economic context)

  10. Background of Entrepreneurs Entrepreneurs are: • Female • Immigrant • Socially oriented • Family oriented • Rurally based • Young and old • Life style oriented (hobby/part time) • Serial Entrepreneurs

  11. Dreamers Decisive Doers Determined Dedicated Devoted Details Destiny Dollars Distribute The 10 Ds Bygrave (2010)

  12. Critical Attributes for Success Brannick 1995 • Numerical ability 1% • Verbal ability 3% • Professional marketing qualification 5% • Computer literacy 5% • Imagination 17% • Observational powers 18% • Personal judgement 24% • Ability to get on with others 27% • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tod1moy8VZM

  13. Desirable and Acquirable Attitudes Timmons (2008) Commitment and determination • Tenacity and decisiveness • Able to commit quickly • Disciplined • Persistent in solving problems • Willing to undertake personal sacrifice Leadership  • Self starter • Team builder and hero • Share the wealth • Integrity and reliability • Superior learner and teacher

  14. Desirable and Acquirable Attitudes Timmons (2008) • Opportunity obsession • Have intimate knowledge of customers needs • Market driven • Obsessed with value creation and enhancement • Tolerance of risk, ambiguity and uncertainty • Calculated risk taker • Risk minimiser/ sharer • Tolerant of uncertainty • Tolerant of stress • Able to resolve problems and integrate solutions

  15. Desirable and Acquirable Attitudes Timmons (2008) contd • Creativity, self-reliance & ability to adapt • Creative and lateral thinker • Ability to adapt and change; creative problem solver • Ability to learn quickly • Rely on own judgement & lack of fear of failure • Motivation to excel • Goal and results orientation • Low need for status and power • Aware of weaknesses and strengths • Have perspective and a sense of humour

  16. Characteristics of Entrepreneurs Kaplan 2009 • Passionately seek to identify new opportunities • Pursue opportunities with discipline and focus on a limited number of projects • Focus on action and execution • Involve and energise networks of relationships

  17. So what is an Entrepreneur? • “Who is the entrepreneur ?” may be the wrong question • Why successful entrepreneurs think the way they do, might be better? • Thinking processes can be taught, so we can all be entrepreneurs if we learn how to develop and evaluate opportunities

  18. Cognitive abilitiesWesthead, Wright & McElwee 2011 • Information acquisition and dissemination • Intelligence, ability with information • Sense making • Unlearning • Implementation and improvisation, autonomous behaviour, experimentation, reflection and action

  19. Entrepreneurs Cognitive Processes (Palich & Bagby 1995) • Entrepreneurs do NOT perceive themselves as being more pre-disposed to taking risks than managers • Entrepreneurs interpret equivocal data in a more positive way than managers • Strengths versus weaknesses • Opportunities versus threats

  20. Entrepreneurs Cognitive Processes (Palich & Bagby 1995) • “What each man wishes, that he also believes to be true” - Demonsthenes • Entrepreneurs categorise situations as having strengths and opportunities, because the positive attributes, are more salient to them

  21. Components of CriticalThinking • A set of skills to process and generate information and beliefs, and • The habit, based on intellectual commitment, of using those skills to guide behaviour It is contrasted with the mere acquisition and retention of information alone, (because it involves a particular way in which information is sought and treated)

  22. Critical Thinking Core Critical Thinking Skills Interpretation Analysis Evaluation Self-Regulation Inference Explanation Source: Facione, P. A (1998)

  23. Attributes Of A Critical Thinker Ferrett 1997 • Asks pertinent questions  • Can/does admit a lack of understanding or information  • Has a sense of curiosity  • Is interested to find new solutions  • Is willing to examine beliefs, assumptions, and opinions and weigh them against facts  • Listens carefully to others and can provide feedback  • Seeks evidence to support assumptions and beliefs  • Can/does adjust opinions when new facts are found 

  24. Hemispheres of the brain Ornstein 1896 The left side handles language, logic and symbols. • Information processing; step by step • Systematic thinking The right side takes care of the body's emotional, intuitive and spatial functions. • Information processing; intuitive • Unsystematic thinking http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Spinning_Dancer

  25. Right brain thinking Lewis 1987 • ask if there is a better way of doing things; • challenge custom, routine and tradition; • be reflective – often deep in thought; • play mental games, trying to see an issue from a different perspective; • realise that there may be more than one “right” answer; • see mistakes and failures as pitstops on the route to success; • relate seemingly unrelated ideas to a problem to generate a solution; and • see an issue from a broader perspective, but have the ability to focus on an area in need of change.

  26. Critical and Creative thinkingKirby 2004

  27. Entrepreneurial skills • communication skills, especially persuasion; • creativity skills; • critical thinking and assessment skills; • leadership skills; • negotiation skills; • problem-solving skills; • social networking skills; and • time-management skills.

  28. Deakins, D and Freel, M. 2009.Entrepreneurship and Small Firms. 5th Edition, McGraw Hill. • Kuratko, D, & Hodgetts, M 1995 Entrepreneurship: Theory, Process and Practice Thomson • Burns, P 2007 Entrepreneurship and Small Firms 2nd ed. Palgrave Macmillan • CHELL, E 2008 The entrepreneurial personality: a social construction • HULL, D., BOSLEY, J., UDELL, G 1980 Renewing the hunt for the heffalump: identifying potential entrepreneurs by personality characteristics, Journal of Small Business, 18: 11–18. • McCELLAND, D. C. 1965 Achievement motivation can be developed, Harvard Business Review, 43: 6–24, 178. • PALICH, L. E. and BAGBY, D. R. (1995) Using cognitive theory to explain entrepreneurial risk-taking – challenging conventional wisdom, Journal of Business Venturing, 10: 425–438. • TIMMONS, J. A., SMOLLEN, L. E. and DINGEE, A. L. M. (1985) New Venture Creation, (2nd ed.), Homewood, IL: Irwin. • ZHANG, Z, ZYPHUR, M, NARAYANAN, J 2009 The genetic basis of entrepreneurship:effects of gender and personality. Organizational Behavior and Human decision processes110 pp93-107 • ZHAO, H, SEIBERT, S., LUMPKIN, G 2010 The relationship of personality to entrepreneurial intentions and performance: A meta analytic review Journal of Management 36(2) pp381-404 • KAPLAN, J 2009 Patterns of entrepreneurship. 3rd ed. New Jersey: Wiley & Sons • Bygrave, W & Zacharakis A, 2010 The portable MBA in Entrepreneurship.  

  29. Timmons, J & Spinelli, S 2008 New venture creation: Entrepreneurship for the 21st Century • STOREY, D & GREENE, F 2010 Small business and entrepreneurship Prentice Hall • CROMBIE, I., 1996 The Pocket Guide to Critical Appraisal.London: PMJ Publishing Group • VAN DEN BRINK-BUDGEN,R., 2000 Critical Thinking for Students. Oxfor • COTTRELL, S., 2005 Critical Thinking Skills Basingstoke:Palgrave Lewis, D. (1987), Mind Skills: Giving Your Child a Brighter Future, Souvenir Press, London • Ornstein, R. (1986), The Psychology of Consciousness, Penguin, Harmondsworth, • David A. Kirby, (2004) "Entrepreneurship education: can business schools meet the challenge?", Education + Training, Vol. 46 (8/9), pp.510 – 519 • Ferrett, S. (1997) Peak Performance • CHELL, E (2008) The entrepreneurial personality; a social construction. 2nd ed. Routledge • http://www.get2test.net/index.htm • Online test of entrepreneurship • http://www.personalitytest.net/quizzes/quiz3/index.htm • Online test of right/ left brain

  30. STEFFENS, P., DAVIDSSON, P, FITZSIMMONS, J 2009 performance configurations over time: implications for growth and profit oriented strategies Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice January pp125-148 • FRANK, H., LUEGER, M., KORUNKA, C 2007 The significance of personality in business start up intentions, start up realization and business success Entrepreneurship & Regional development 19 May pp227-251 • KOR, Y., MAHONEY, J., MICHAEL, S 2007 Resources, capabilities and entrepreneurial perceptions Journal of ManagementStudies November pp1187-1212 • LUCHSINGER, V., BAGBY, D 1987 Entrepreneuship and Intrapreneurship: Behaviors, comparisons and contrasts SAM Advanced Management Journal. Summer pp10-13 • BIRLEY, S. and WESTHEAD, P. (1993) A comparison of new businesses established by “novice” and “habitual” founders in Great Britain, International Small Business Journal, 12: 38–60. • SMITH, N. R. (1967) The Entrepreneur and His Firm: The Relationship Between Type of Man and Type of Company, East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University Press • ROTTER, J. B. (1966) Generalised expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement, Psychological Monographs, Whole No. 609, 80: 1–28. • SSCHERE, J. C. (1982) Tolerance of ambiguity as a discriminating variable between entrepreneurs and managers, Academy of Management Proceedings, 45: 404–408. • DELMAR, F., DAVIDSSON, P. 2000 Where do they come from? Prevalence and characteristics of nascent entrepreneurs Entrepreneurship and Regional Development1 21–23. • WESTHEAD, P., WRIGHT., W, MCELWEE, G 2011 Entrepreneurship; perspectives and cases. Harlow: Prentice Hall

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