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化学键. Questions?. Why is calcium phosphate so rigid that nature has adopted it for the formation of bones? Can we make better bones? ( 强离子键 ) Why is it so difficult to make compounds from the nitrogen in air ? Can we find an easy way? ( 强共价键 )

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  1. 化学键 Questions? • Why is calcium phosphate so rigid that nature has adopted it for the formation of bones? Can we make better bones? (强离子键) • Why is it so difficult to make compounds from the nitrogen in air? Can we find an easy way? (强共价键) • How can we explain the ability of hemoglobin (血色素) to form a loosely bonded compound with oxygen, transfer it to another part of the body, and then release it in response to a metabolic need? (配位键)

  2. 血红蛋白

  3. 配位化合物 • 配合物的结构 概念(中心原子、配体、配位键、配位数、配位层、螯合、八面体、四面体、四方形,命名) 异构(结构异构 、立体异构 ) • 晶体场理论 配体对d电子的作用 (能级分裂) 配体对配合物颜色的影响 dn配合物的电子结构 配合物的磁性 (http://www.chem.purdue.edu/gchelp/cchem/)

  4. [Fe(SCN)(H2O)5]2+, [Co(SCN)4(H2O)2]2-, [Cu(NH3)4(H2O)2]2+, [CuBr4]2-

  5. Ligand = Lewis base Metal atom or ion = Lewis acid chelate

  6. (命名口诀:先无后有,先阴后中,先A后B,先少后多。)(命名口诀:先无后有,先阴后中,先A后B,先少后多。)

  7. 配位化合物中异构现象

  8. 异构 Isomers are compounds that contain the same number of the same atoms, but in different arrangements.

  9. 结构(构造)异构 电离异构 水合异构 键合异构 配位异构 立体异构 几何异构 光学异构

  10. Ionization isomers 电离异构 [CoBr(NH3)5]SO4 [CoSO4(NH3)5]Br

  11. Hydrate isomers 水合异构 [Cr(H2O)6]Cl3 [CrCl(H2O)5]Cl2·H2O [CrCl2(H2O)4]Cl·2H2O [CrCl3(H2O)3]·3H2O

  12. Linkage isomers 键合异构 NCS-, 异硫氰酸根 亚硝酸根 SCN-, 硫氰酸根 硝基

  13. Coordination isomers 配位异构

  14. Geometrical and Optical isomerism 几何异构 光学异构

  15. Geometrical isomers几何异构

  16. Optical isomers 光学异构

  17. 结构(构造)异构 电离异构 水合异构 键合异构 配位异构 立体异构 几何异构 光学异构

  18. 配合物的化学键理论 价键理论 晶体场理论

  19. 价键理论 基本要点:中心形成体提供空轨道,配体提供孤电子对。实际构型与杂化轨道相同。 解释与应用: (1)配离子的几何构型(杂化轨道) (2)电子自旋状态、磁性 (3)稳定性 物质的磁性: 波尔磁子 磁矩 顺磁、抗磁性

  20. 3d 4s 4p 4d Fe3+ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ [FeF6]3_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ sp3d2 [Fe(CN)6]3 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ d2sp3 [例] 外轨杂化,高自旋 键能小,不稳定,在水中易离解,具有顺磁性 内轨杂化,低自旋 键能大,稳定,在水中不易离解,顺磁性减弱甚至呈反磁性

  21. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn 3d1 3d2 3d3 3d5 3d5 3d6 3d7 3d8 3d10 3d10 4s2 4s2 4s2 4s1 4s2 4s2 4s2 4s2 4s1 4s2

  22. 一般 X-、H2O配体,外轨杂化 NO2-、CN-配体,内轨杂化 内轨杂化所形成的配离子比外轨型配离子稳定。 价键理论的局限性: 无法解释配离子的颜色; [Cu(NH3)4]2+为dsp2杂化,无法解释其未成对电子的稳定性。

  23. Some of the impure forms of -alumina are prized as gems. • Ruby, Cr3+ (b) Sapphire, Fe3+, Ti4+ (c)Topaz, Fe3+ • (红宝石) (蓝宝石) (黄玉)

  24. 红宝石晶体

  25. 晶体场理论 基本要点: (1)配合物中化学键的本质是纯粹的静电作用; (2)过渡金属的中心离子有5个d轨道,当它们受到周围非球形对称的配位负电场的作用时,d轨道要发生分裂,此现象称为配位场效应; (3)同一构型的配合物,中心离子电荷越多,周期越大,分裂能越大,对同一中心离子的分裂能随配位体场强弱不同而异; (4)当电子成对能“P”大于分裂能“”时,电子尽量不成对,形成高自旋;如P小于时,电子尽量成对,形成低自旋; (5)大,配离子稳定,所以强场配体配合物稳定性大。

  26. 配体对d电子的作用 (能级分裂)

  27. 配体对配合物颜色的影响 o = h o = hc /   = hc / o  = hc / o

  28. 增 加 Complementary color Spectrochemical series

  29. Cl Co Cl [Co(H2O)6]2+ [CoCl4]2-

  30. dn配合物的电子结构

  31. Low spin High spin

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