Remember from Chapter 10

1. Remember from Chapter 10 • Capital city was made in a bargain between Alexander Hamilton (Federalist) and James Madison /Thomas Jefferson (Democratic Republicans) • Hamilton was a self-made man with the help and protection of George Washington. • Jefferson was a planter and able to do what he wished based upon slave labor. • Both were smart and part of Washington’s cabinet. • Adams did not approve of Hamilton’s influence upon Washington

2. Presidents • #1 – George Washington – set the precedent/example to follow. (Federalist) • JA – Vice • AH – Treasurer • TJ – S of State • Knox – S of War • Madison – Congressman and secretary • #2 – John Adams – first in WDC, fits of anger, opinionated, not take advice from others. Federalist • VP – TJ (republican) forced 12th amendment • Stay out of war with France! XYZ, Alien and Sedition Acts, • Government need to be strong “Men are never good but through necessity”

3. Leadership Changes • Franklin died 1790 • 3% of Americans lived in cities (most ports) • 95% lived on farms • Population 5.3 million • 1 million African-Am. • 9 out of 10 Blacks were slaves • Most Americans were Protestants; few trusted Catholics. • Washington died 1799 • “First in war, first in peace, first in the hearts of his country men.” Henry Lee • When he died, Hamilton lost his shield. Adams refused to build an army and would not work with Hamilton.

4. Jefferson, President #3 • 1800 – Goal to simplify government. • “We are all Federalists, we are all Republicans.” • Laissez-fare, “let the people do as they choose” • Rule by the majority. • Cut taxes, cut government and military spending. • End Alien and Sedition Acts. • Government’s only income was tariffs and sale of western lands taken from the native Americans with the Treaty of Grenville (1790, British still held forts in Ohio Valley and encouraged attacks on settlers. GW sent troops, defeated natives in 1794 at the Battle of Fallen Timbers and won most present day Ohio)

6. Judiciary • 1789 Judiciary Act - Created the courts and Attorney General • Adams chose John Marshall to be the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court • The last days of his Presidency, John Adams and the Federalist Congress packed the courts with Federalist justices– this was referred to as the “Midnight Judges”. • When Jefferson took office, a stack of appointments were on the President’s desk. Jefferson REFUSED to send them!

7. Marbury V. Madison • William Marbury knew of his commission and requested its delivery. Madison (Secretary of State) would not give it and Marbury sued. • Chief Justice Marshall ordered the Jefferson administration to explain. (party differences) • Marbury’s commission was signed by a President and approved by Congress; Jefferson’s administration did not have the Constitutional right to impeach any of the Midnight Judges and Marbury won!

8. Judicial Review • The Supreme Court should hear only court cases from lower courts – this struck down a Congressional law for not following the Constitution. • The purpose of the Supreme Court is to “say what the law is” and protect the Constitution and the rights of individual citizens. • It is viewed as the most important decision Marshall ever made and gave the Court the power to check the other branches.

9. People Notes • Thomas Jefferson – GW’s Secretary of State, JA’s Vice President, leader of the Democratic Republican party, • Architect, violinist, inventor, linguist, author of D of I • Believed government’s role is to keep people from hurting each other • John Marshall – TJ’s hated cousin, served with GW during R.war, self-educated (sneaked into law class at Wm and Mary), Supreme Court Chief Justice for 34 years, Federalist, who developed Judicial Review. Cheerful well-liked

10. Albert Gallatin – TJ’s Secretary of the Treasury, believed in cutting military spending and encouraging agriculture. Cut all domestic taxes, especially on liquor. • Expanded education and road building. • James Madison –Brainiac, Father of Constitution • TJ’s Secretary of State, sent Monroe to France. (fear Napoleon would build French colonies in North America) to negotiate the use of New Orleans port and was offered the Louisiana Purchase – Good Deal

12. Corp of Discovery I. Thomas Jefferson (TJ) – 3rd US President A. 1803 – Wanted a reconnaissance of the West: 1-England held Canada, Vancouver Island, and occupied Oregon Country 2-France – Louisiana Territory and Mississippi River 3-Spain – Pinckney’s Treaty held Florida and the Southwest 4-Russia – Alaska and pushing down the western coast 5-Robert Gray sailed on the Columbia up the Columbia River- USA claim

13. B. Manifest Destiny – God given right for the USA’s expansion over the entire continent Reconnaissance – Military fact finding mission to locate the enemy and plan against them.

14. C. Napoleon was fighting in Europe and needed $ and sold the New World land holdings to the USA in April of 1803 1. Louisiana Purchase - $15 million a. Doubled the size of USA b. Area was unknown and held many myths (18” devils, tribe of Amazon women, mtns. Salt, crystal, gold, 7 cities of gold, and thought CA an island)

15. 2. Corp of Discovery 1804-1806 AKA as the Lewis and Clark Expedition a. Meriwether Lewis – friend and secretary of TJ b. William Clark – Lewis’s army buddy c. 30 Members: 17 soldiers (John Colter); 11 enlistees; York (Clark’s slave); Scannon (Lewis’s Newfoundland dog) ½ breed interpreter; later Sacajawea and Charbonneau d. Traveled 7,689 miles and only 1 man died (appendicitis) – the map Clark made was only off by 40 miles e. Supplied with Harper’s Ferry Rifles, air rifle, swivel cannons, 60 ft keel boat, collapsible canoes, portable soup, $669.50 of gifts & medals of TJ to give to Natives f. Congress gave $2500 to finance and they were the first to cross the North American continent by land – 2 years, 4 months, 10 days – when they returned: i. 4 journals kept and a dozen notebooks ii. reported 122 new species of the flora and fauna, dino. bones iii. 50 separate Indian tribes iv. mapped the area v. MOST IMPORTANT: Beaver everywhere! $$$$

16. Land to be taken – Manifest Destiny • ***What each man got: Congress awarded 1,600-acre land grants to Lewis and Clark and 320-acre grants to each enlisted man, • Plus back pay due to everyone. • Neither Sacagawea nor York received any compensation • TJ rewarded the captains by appointing Lewis governor of the Territory of Upper Louisiana and Clark superintendent of Indian affairs. Later Missouri governor • Lewis would commit suicide 3 years later • John Colter returns

17. William Clark’s Map only 40 miles off actual mileage.

18. John Colter

21. Zebulon Pike 1806-07 • “Lost Pathfinder” • “poor man’s Lewis and Clark” • Father was an officer under George Washington • Moved to St. Louis to serve General James Wilkinson • Wilkinson was the scoundrel partner of Aaron Burr. • Wilkinson accepted $12,000 from Spain for information about the Louisiana Territory purchase and exploration • This was treason

22. 1805 – Explored the Mississippi, 5,000 miles. Found British forts. • July 1806 – Pike and 17 enlisted men with a Spanish interpreter set out dressed in summer uniforms and followed Spanish cavalry tracks along the future Santa Fe Trail. • After reaching the headwaters of the Arkansas River, Pike tried to reach a large blue peak in the distance; it snowed to his waist. The map maker labeled the peak, Pike’s Peak. 1806 – Wilkinson ordered a secret expedition to the Spanish borderlands. He was to locate the Spanish forts and number of Spanish troops. Wilkinson had sold NemesioSalcedo the information about Lewis and Clark – the Spaniards tried to intercept and capture them, but failed. Wilkinson then sold Salcedo information of Pike’s expedition. He hoped Pike would be captured by the Spanish.

23. February 1807 Pike crossed the Sangre de Cristo Mountains • Spainish cavalry and militia captured Pike and his men as prisoners and saved their lives. • Accused of being spies, they were taken to Santa Fe, later moved to Albuquerque, El Paso, and Chihuahua, Mexico. • Pike mapped and noted all military activity, hid the notes in gun barrels. • A strong note of protest was sent to Washington, Madison denied the US spied, but was exploring the source of the Arkansas.

24. Remember Aaron Burr? • July 11, 1804; indicted for murder in New York and New Jersey but never tried in either jurisdiction; • Contacted his friend James Wilkinson and escaped to South Carolina, hoped to take advantage of boundary disputes along the Red and Rio Grande Rivers to form a new country • *arrested and tried for treason in August 1807 for attempting to form a republic in the Southwest of which he was to be the head, but was acquitted;

25. Burr Conspiracy • Pike was suspected but later cleared • Neither he nor his men were rewarded with large land grants as was Lewis and Clark • Pike’s expedition resulted in an embarrassing international incident. • Pike was promoted to colonel in the War of 1812 ; he was killed on the assault on York, Canada (Toronto). • His men were vindictive after losing the 34 year old general and set fire to public buildings

26. Wilkinson and Burr Conspiracy • Secret invasion of Spanish Territory and establish an independent government • Pike’s capture and Madison’s “Lost” stopped war • Wilkinson turned Burr into Jefferson • Burr tried to escape to Spanish Territory, was captured • John Marshall tried Burr for treason, acquitted him for no war occurred • Tried to get Napoleon’s help to invade and conquer Florida – not happen

27. What happened to Aaron Burr? Went abroad in 1808; returned to New York City in 1812 and resumed the practice of law; Married wealthy widow, Elizabeth Brown Jumel in 1833 and spent all of her money Elizabeth filed for divorce, it was granted the day Burr died in Port Richmond, Staten Island, N.Y., September 14, 1836;

29. Ch 11 section 3 • Edward Preble • Commodore that fought the tribute paid to Barbary pirates from 1801-1815 ordered the destruction of the American ship Philadelphia the Tripoli pirates had captured and taken to Liberia – • he had to stop the pirates from using the ship and establish America would no longer tolerate ransom and would fight to protect American interests

30. The Barbary Powers, Morocco, Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli • Two hundred years ago, the Barbary Coast, the northwest coast of Africa on the Mediterranean Sea, demanded tribute or sent out ships to capture the seagoing commerce of their enemies and held their crews for ransom or enslaved them.

31. Stephen Decatur • Lieutenant that led the night raid on the pirate harbor of Tripoli and destroyed the Philadelphia, but the US ended up paying $60,000 for the return of the sailors • proved the worth and ability of the US navy • He would later become a hero of the War of 1812 when he captured a British warship and brought it intact to US • 1815, returned to Mediterranean, sank 2 pirate ships, killed most powerful leader • Died in 1820 when he was challenged to a duel by James Barron

32. Decatur and Preble

33. Problems continue • Napoleon is threatening all of Europe. • British impress American ships and sailors • French impress American ships and sailors • Chesapeake-Leopard Affair – US not ready for war! • TJ’s reaction – Embargo Act – No trade… • - – put 50,000 sailors out of work and killed economy – Federalists outraged! • James Madison becomes the 4th President and avoided trade with Great Britain and France

35. Chapter 11 section 4 TECUMSEH persuaded thousand of Indians to join the confederation of Indian tribes • Shawnee chief born near Dayton, Ohio • force to move to Indiana/Illinois as the American settlers pushed west after the R.War – • He was a great speaker • He was taught how to read and write by Rebecca Galloway and understood the westward movement would mean the end of the Native American way of life

36. . Early 1800s he began organizing the union of tribes to stop the setters advance and stop other tribes from signing Indian lands away to the government. • The Prophet • Shaman with visions, bullets bouncing off Indians, placed a hex upon Harrison, that he would achieve great power but would not live to realize it • William Henry Harrison • led a militia and destroyed Prophetstown WHILE Tecumseh was away, his brother Prophet killed. • Harrison would die after voted as Pres.

37. Battle of the Thames • Upon Tecumseh’s return, he would side with the British during the War of 1812 – as a general in the British Army he would win many battles but would die in Ontario at the Battle of the Thames. • His death brought an end to the uniting of all tribes.

38. Brothers of Indian Confederacy

40. Chapter 11 section 5 James Madison Dolly Madison • 4th President of the US – had to deal with the problems neutrality caused from the first 3 Presidents and declared war on GB for the continued impressment of US ships/sailors • Wife of James Madison, fun great parties, acted as TJ’s hostess; did more to help her husband politically because of her social skills. • War breaks out – Take Canada while Napoleon keeps the British busy…

41. Battle of Lake Erie • Oliver Hazard Perry • Ordered to take control of Lake Erie, but when he got there, no boats - Had to build his fleet (9 ships) using barns and anything else, • moved ships overland around Niagara Falls to Attacked British was ships on Lake Erie in 1813 and forced the British out of Fort Detroit. • “I have met the enemy and they are ours” His Battle Flag motto: Don’t give up the ship

42. US can not take Canada, British navy blockades Atlantic Coastline • British push Americans out of Canada. • Move to Chesapeake Bay in August 1814. • British soldiers rape, pillage, and burn the American towns as they move toward Washington DC. . James left to stop the British, but overwhelmed Dolleywas leaving one end of the city as the British were entering the other side - Saved important papers and painting of George Washington

43. August is the beginning of Hurricane season… • As an act of revenge for the burning of York – They burn all the public buildings except the post office and patent office.