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Geographic Information Systems

Geographic Information Systems. Michael Kennedy Department of Geography University of Kentucky kennedy@uky.edu Tue 23 Feb 2010. Cyberinfrastructure Days. GIS in General Spatial data GIS at UK. The Process: PAST. “Mapping”. Map. f. Data Collectors Cartographers

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Geographic Information Systems

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  1. Geographic Information Systems Michael Kennedy Department of Geography University of Kentucky kennedy@uky.edu Tue 23 Feb 2010

  2. Cyberinfrastructure Days GIS in General Spatial data GIS at UK

  3. The Process: PAST “Mapping” Map f Data Collectors Cartographers Photographers Geographers Printers Trail Specialists For planners and decision- makers who take some action to affect.

  4. EXAMPLES OF THINGS MAPPED:“Themes” or “Layers” • Land Elevation • Land Slope • Soil Type • Land Use, Land Cover, Zoning • Population Data • Dental Cavities of Children • Wildlife Habitat • Sites of Auto Accidents • Roads and Railroad Lines • Energy Use Patterns

  5. ADVANTAGES OF A DIGITAL GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM • Size of Memory • Updatable • Recurring Data Sources • Overlays Possible • Analysis “easy” • But: • Maps are Intuitive • Maps are Portable • Maps are Honest

  6. THREE FORCES FOR CHANGE • (1) Difficulties with Maps • Hard to Analyze • Hard to Compare Among • Compromise between • two functions: • --Storage • --Display

  7. (2) BEFORE 1960’S Resources, energy, land, etc. Waste, heat, etc. Human Activity • AFTER 1960’S Resources, energy, land, etc. Waste, heat, etc Human Activity

  8. (3) GARDEN-VARIETY COMPUTER POWER 1960Lately Memory Size 1  10000 (Primary) (60Kb) (600Mb) Memory Size 0 (On-line, (zilch) (500 Gb) Secondary) CPU Speed 1 10000 (200u sec) (20nsec) Cost 1  1000 $500,000$500

  9. SIMPLISTIC FORMULA FOR CALCULATINGBANG FOR THE COMPUTING BUCK P = M * S / $ Factor increase since 1960: 1013

  10. GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATIONSYSTEM (2) (1) Need for Better Resource Allocation Map Shortcomings People (smart, slow, sloppy) Computers (Stupid, fast, accurate) (4) (3) $$$ (5)

  11. The Process: NOW STORAGE f1 Data Collectors Cartographers Photographers Geographers Printers Field Specialists Computer Programmers Computer Scientists Digital Computer Store queries f2 DISPLAY For planners, etc.

  12. GeographicInformationSystem: A Tool to Aid in Managing the Environment ------------------------- The marriage of a (geo)graphic database and an attribute database

  13. Building aGeographicInformationSystem(How to make a computer believe its a map) • Data Acquisition & Input • Data Structure & Storage • Analyzing & Processing • Information Display

  14. SpatialData • Data (symbols, graphics, numbers) • Physical Medium • Position Locator • Exclude: change, move, <1 centimeter

  15. Classes of Spatial Data • Maps • Photographic Materials • * Digital files which contain • spatial locators

  16. Spatial Data Bases Inherent Difficulties: • Size & Number of Data Sets • Diverse Acquisition • t • Locational Reference • (point, line, area, volume, time) • Continuous vs. Discrete • (x,y) (z) (no 1 for 1) • No Natural Development • Coordinate Systems • “Not-Basic-Data” Attitude • Always Errors

  17. BasicProblem Extract significance from continuous, virtually infinite,4-D environment; place in 1-D discrete store; and return relevant information in 2-D formats (maps, tables)

  18. Answer: • Idealize • Aggregate • “Probabilize”(interpolate, extrapolate) • Categorize A Storage Paradigm

  19. StorageParadigms For Point Data “Just” Coordinates For Lineal Data Vectors For Areal Data • Cell (grid, raster) • Polygon • TIN

  20. CELL: + Overlay Capability - Artificial, Arbitrary - Poor Geographic Specificity - Resolution Compromise

  21. POLYGON: C B A 1 2 3 + Appropriate Boundaries + Best Geographic Specificity - Processing Time for Overlays + - Storage Requirements - Locked to Data Base Size

  22. TIN: • + Can use significant points • + Continuous 3-D Surface • + Gives elevation, slope, aspect • Surface non-differentiable • Uses plane facets

  23. Geographic Information SystemProducts • Criteria for Use by • Decisionmakers: • Availability Known • Understandable • Worth Time Investment • Assistance Available • Timely • Relevant • INTEGRITY

  24. Purpose • Inventorying • Analyzing • Explaining • Documenting • Defending • Forecasting • Monitoring • Planning

  25. HAVE: • Remote Sensing (satellite) • Remote Sensing (aircraft) • Natural Science, Demographic • Data • Computing Power • Great Speed • Immense Storage • Expertise for specific-purpose • systems

  26. DON’T HAVE: • Models to simulate • complex environments • Common set of storage • paradigms or formats

  27. DON’THAVE: • Governmental Understanding of : vs. • SmartFast • People Yes • Computers Yes • Large • Governments • Governmental Commitment

  28. Some images of local spatial data setsKentucky RiverWater Filtration PlantTopographic QuadrangleElevation: Contours, DEM, TINNetworks: Highways and RoadsSoil TypesMajor StreamsGPS TrackGraphic OverlayUK Campus: Orthophoto Issues Resolution Issues Time & Change (1994,2002)

  29. What has all this to do withCyberinfrastructure?One theme: Six inch orthophotography requires 16 bytes of storage per square foot – 0.5 GB per square mile.Fayette County needs 118 GBKentucky needs 16.4 TB

  30. CyberinfrastructureCan it provide: A Geographic Information System --with-- • Spatial Data Library • (plug in data AND metadata) • (made up of basic data) • Analysis Capability • (including “map standard” • information output with • statements of accuracy and • precision)

  31. Geographic Information Systems at the University of Kentucky

  32. KGS spatial data on the webRemote sensing on agricultural cropsOptical detecting of nitrogen deficiencyLand use assessment in Google MapsKentucky Land Education and Research (KLEAR)3D visualization of urban landscapesTextbooks

  33. UK Organizations involved with the GST Working GroupAnthropologyBiosystems and Agricultural EngineeringCenter for Visualization and Virtual EnvironmentsEarth and Environmental SciencesForestryGeographyKentucky Geological Survey (KGS)Landscape ArchitectureLinguisticsPhysical PlantPolitical SciencePublic HealthStatistics

  34. Hopes for Geospatial Technology at UK

  35. HAVE: • Really Good People • Interesting Projects • Lots of Enthusiasm • Plenty of Computing Facilities • Site License for Vital Software

  36. DON’THAVE: • Any Formal UK Recognition • $$$ • Other Important Software • Instruction beyond Intermediate • Undergraduate Certificate • Graduate Certificate • Minor • Major • Coordinator • (teaching, research, outreach)

  37. See the UK GST Poster at the CI Days Forum

  38. Thank you !

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