Exploring American History Unit VII – Becoming a World Power

1. Exploring American HistoryUnit VII – Becoming a World Power Chapter 21 - The Progressive Spirit of Reform Section 1- The Gilded Age and Progressive Movement

2. The Gilded Age and the Progressive Movement • The Big Idea • From the late 1800s through the early 1900s, the Progressive movement addressed problems in American society. • Main Ideas • Political corruption was common during the Gilded Age. • Progressives pushed for reforms to improve living conditions. • Progressive reforms expanded the voting power of citizens.

3. Main Idea 1: Political corruption was common during the Gilded Age • Political machines. • Political machines used both legal and illegal means • Supporters of political machines were often rewarded with government jobs. • The most notorious political machine was New York City’s Tammany Hall, headed by William Marcy Tweed.

5. Corruption in Washington • The administration of Ulysses S. Grant • In Grant’s second term • The scandal.

6. Cleaning Up Political Corruption • Rutherford B. Hayes (1877–1881) • James B. Garfield (1881) • Chester A. Arthur (1881–1885) • Grover Cleveland (1885–1889, 1893–1897) • Benjamin Harrison (1889–1893) • William McKinley (1897–1901)

8. Political Corruption • Explain: Why did member of political machines stuff ballot boxes? • Recall: What happened to federal officials who took bribes from whiskey makers during President Grant’s second term? • Predict: If government officials were replaced after each presidential election, what effect would this have on the government’s workforce?

9. Political Corruption • Identify: Which Presidents tried to reform government corruption before 1883? • Recall: In what two ways did the Pendleton Act change the hiring process for federal jobs?

10. Muckrakers Name applied to American journalists, novelists, and critics who in the first decade of the 20th cent. attempted to expose the abuses of business and the corruption in politics.

11. Who were the reformers? What did they want? Issues to reform were such as; immigrants - oldcomers and newcomers city life- poor and needy, and prohibition crime and corruption strikes, Workman’s compensation, minimum wage Political bosses city/state governments- direct democracy, tax laws Giant business corporations Women’s Suffrage Child Labor

12. Main Idea 2: Progressives pushed for reforms to improve living conditions. • Progressives were reformers • Muckrakers were journalists who wrote about child labor, racial discrimination, slum housing, and corruption in business.

13. Muckrakers • Miss Ida Tarbell had been at work for years on her history of the Standard Oil Company, and it began to run in McClure's in November 1902. • Lincoln Steffen's first novel on municipal corruption, "Tweed Days in St. Louis" appeared in McClure's Oct 1902. • Henry Demerest Lloyd's Wealth Against Commonwealth, published in 1894, attacked the Standard Oil Company. • How the Other Half Lives, published in 1890 by Jacob Riis, exposed life in New York's slums. • John Spargo, an Englishman, published The Bitter Cry of the Children, an account of young kids at work in sweatshops. • Perhaps the most famous Muckraking novel, The Jungle by Upton Sinclair, exposed the horrors of the Chicago meat-packing plants and the immigrants who were worked to death in them. Lincoln Steffen Ida Tarbell Upton Sinclair Jacob Riis

15. Reform Successes • Reforms and Reformers • Progressives started settlement houses • City planners • Civil and sanitation engineers • Death rates.

16. Social Reforms • Education reform. • Susan Blow. • John Dewey. • Joseph McCormack.

17. Progressives Push for Reforms • Recall: What sort of reforms did Progressives want? • Making Inferences: What audience do you think muckrakers were trying to reach?

18. Progressives Push for Reforms • Recall: Name three writers who urged reform. • Cause and Effect: What resulted from Upton Sinclair’s novel The Jungle? • Evaluate: What is your opinion of the importance of city planners and engineers?

19. Progressives Push for Reforms • Recall: When did the first public kindergarten open in the United States? • Contrast: How were Dewey’s ideas on education different from earlier methods of teaching?

20. Main Idea 2:Progressive reformers expanded the voting power of citizens. • Progressives worked to reduce the power of the political machines by • The Seventeenth Amendment allowed Americans to vote directly for U.S. senators.

21. Recall, Initiative, and Referendum • Recall • Initiative • . Referendum

23. Reforming Government • City Government reforms • State government reforms • Election reforms

24. Government Reforms • The Cities • The States

25. City Government Commission Plan

26. City Government City Manager scheme

27. Election Reforms • Secret Ballot • Direct Primary- People select the candidates • INITIATIVE: The people may initiate(propose) by 5-8% petition of voters a bill to a legislature. • REFERENDUM: The people may use referendum (popular ballot) to enact, approve or reject acts of the legislature. • RECALL: All elected public officials in the State, except judicial officers, are subject to recall (by petition) by the voters of the State and forced to stand for re-election at any time. • 17th Amendment: Direct Election of Senators. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, elected by the people thereof, for six years; and each Senator shall have one vote

29. Progressive Movement • The efforts and successes: • Interstate Commerce Act (1887) and the Sherman Antitrust Act (1890). • A minority supported socialism with government ownership of the means of production. • conservation movement • railroad legislation • food and drug laws. • elect senators • prohibition • suffrage to women. • Workers compensation, civil service, and minimum wage • efforts to place limitations on child labor were routinely thwarted by the courts. • The needs of blacks and Native Americans were poorly served by the Progressives. • Secret Ballot, Direct Election, direct primary and initiative, referendum and recall • Robert La Follette- Leader in reform measures and the candidate of the reform element of his party for the nomination for governor in 1896 and 1898: in 1900 unanimously nominated for Governor of Wisconsin and elected by the largest plurality ever given a candidate for that office.

30. Expansion of Voting Power • Identify: What ballot change did many states make, after being pressured by Progressive reformers? • Analyze: How did the right to recall officials give voters more political leverage?

31. Expansion of Voting Power • Compare: What is the difference between an initiative and a referendum? • Identify Cause and Effect: What effects resulted from Progressives’ work to reform city governments?