Disease, Symptom, and causal agent of plant diseases Dr. Hadiwiyono

1. Disease, Symptom, and causal agent of plant diseasesDr. Hadiwiyono

2. Schematic representation of the basic function in a plant (left) and the interference with this function (right) caused by general type of disease

3. PLANT DISEAE CONCEPT Disease • “Any malfunctioning of host cells and tissues that results from continues irritation by a pathogen or environmental factor and leads to development to symptom (Agrios, 2005)” • Adanya sel dan jaringan inang yang malfungsi sebagai akibat dari iritasi yang terus-menerus oleh suatu agens patogen atau faktor lingkungan dan mengarah pada berkembangnya gejala • What is the healthy plant?

4. Disease based on the causal agents • Infectious disease = pathogenic disease = parasitic disease = parasite disease = biotic disease • non-infectious disease = non pathogenic disease = non parasitic disease = non parasite disease = physiologic disease = abiotic disease

5. Terminology Pathogen: organism-causal agents of disease Parasite: organism life in/on other organism. Facultative Parasite: saprophyte being bale to life as parasite. Obligative parasite: just life as parasite or true parasite Fisiopat,physiopath: causer from abiotic factors Saprofit, saprophyte: organism life in/on organism residue or debries. Obligativesaprophyte: true saprophyte or jast life as saphrophyte Inang, Host: organism where the parasite or pathogen life. Perentan, Suscept:host of pathogen and condicuve to establish a disease. Rentan, susceptible: host character by which the disease to be conduce for disease occur><tahan, resistant.

6. Terminology( continued ) Toleran, tolerant: suitable as host but the disease is very mild Patogenisitas, pathogenisity: capability of parasitic organism as pathogen Virulensi, keganasan, virulence: capability of pathogen to produce the disease Nekrotrof, necrotroph: parasite by which life and obtain their food from dead tissue Biotrof, biotroph: parasite by which life and obtain their food from life tissue

7. DISEASE SYMPTOM Symptoms: “are the expressions by suscept or host of a pathogenic condition by which a particular plant disease may be distinguished from other diseases” (Ilag, 1987). • Adalah kenampakan perentan atau inang dari suatu keadaan patogenik sehingga suatu penyakit tertentu dapat dibedakan dari penyakit lain

8. Based on the type of symptom: • Hyperplasic; hypertrophic hyper=high, too plastic= change troph = growth 2. Hypoplastic; hypotrophic hypo= low, lack 3. Necrotic and necrotrophic Necrotic= dead or killing tissue

9. HyperplasticSymptom: Club root caused by Plasmodiophorabrassicae on cabbage hiperplastic Wilting sysmptom Spore of pathogen

10. Hiperplastic Root knot nematode damage to tomato in the fields Galls on tomato roots caused by Root-knot Meloidogyne spp. Roots of a legume. Nitrogen-fixing nodules are attached only to the sides of roots. Root-knot nematode-affected root system on left, healthy on right.

11. Hyperplastic Crown gall of Mark apple rootstock (Courtesy A.L. Jones). Crown galltumour on an elm tree. Crown gall symptoms on organically grown tomato (cv. Dometica)

12. Hipoplastic, Banana bunchy to virus

13. Hypoplastic: RICE GRASSY STUNT VIRUS

14. Hipoplastik:Tomato Stunted Curly Top Virus

15. Mosaic Virus symptoms on Rose Pea enation mosaic virus Hypoplastic Aple mosaic virus

16. Strawberry mottle virus Maize chlorotic mottle virus Bean pod mottle virus on soybean Hypo-Hyperplastic

17. Oak leaf blister caused by Taphrina caerulescens Tea leaf blister caused by Exobasidiumvexans Hyperplasic

18. Symptom of basal rot of garlic cased byF.o. fsp. cepae Necrotic symptom

19. Symptom and conidia of Alterneria porrii on Nekrotic A. Gejala bercak ungu (purple spot) of leek; B. Conidia under stereo microscope; C. Conidia under compound mikrosocpe

20. Leaf rot of petsai caused Rhizoctonia solani Necrotic symptom

21. Setae of acervulli Necrotic: Anthracnose on avocado caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides

22. Necrotic: leaf spot of cabbage caused by Alternariabrassicae

23. Nekrotic leaf blight, Phytophthora infestan of tomato is also referred to as buckeye rot because of the characteristic lesions on the fruit.

24. Algal leaf spot (red rust) on mango and many other tropical fruit crops is caused by the green alga, Cephaleuros virescens. The algal thallus is orange to rust colored and develops below the host cuticle under wet conditions.

25. SPICIFIC SYMPTOM • Kudis, Scab • Bergaris, Streak or stripe • Kerdil, Stunting • Rebah semai, damping off • Fasiasi, fasciation • Blast • Karat, rust • Pustul, Pustule • Kalus, Callus • Salah bentuk, Malformation • Tilosis, tylosis • Puru, Gall • Filodi, phylody • Sarkodi, Sarcody • EmbunTepung, powdery mildew • Embun upas, Donwny mildew • Antrak, antractnose • Cacar, blister • Kelayuan, wilting • Etiolasi, etiolation • Klorosis, chlorosis • Mosaik, mosaic • Belang, mottling • Pemucatan urat daun, Vein clearing • Penggelapan urat daun, Vein banding • Pembusukan, rotting • Bercak, spot • Hawar, blight • Lobang tembak, Shot hole • Kanker, cancer • Pemumian, mummification • Mati pucuk, die-back • Roset, Rosetting • Peruntuhan, Abscission • Keriting, Curling

26. A B C Specific symptom caused by some virus A. cucumber mozaic virus on lettuce, B. Beet yellow stunt virus on crisphead lettuce (Davis et al. 2002), C. Zucchini yellow mozaic virus pada Summer squash (Zitter et al.,1998)

27. Examples of symptom caused by toxic herbicide being like symptom caused by virus A. Leaf of squash is damaged by 2,4-D, B. Glyphosate

28. Examples of symptom caused by mites being like symptom caused by virus A. Symptom of cucumber leaf attacked by spider mites, B. Spider mites, Tetranychus sp.

29. DISEASE SIGN Pathogen structure associating cell, tissue, organ of infected plant As indicator of the disease where the infection occur on/in the cell, tissue, organ of infected plant Some disease signs need microscopic observation

30. Disease sign and specific structure Sclerotium rolsii Whitish myselia and Sclerotia looking the seed of brasicae

31. Disease sign of blood disease of banana • Ooze coming out from vascular system of dipped tissues, • Fogy water after shaking the dipped tissues • Ooze exuded from cross section of banana peduncle • Ooze exuded by the bract of banana flower a b-1 b-2 c d

32. Disease sign- bacterial ooze coming out from the vascular system B A A. Sticky strand test on cut stem with bacterial streaming (oozing) from xylem vessels of melon infected Ervinia tracheiphila, causing bacterial wilt B. Oozing test , showing bacterial mass coming out from vascular tissue

33. Disease sign: specific structure of virus in infected tissue • Potyviridae producing ‘pinwheel’ inclusions

34. Powdery mildew on Oak leaf Powdery mildew on melon caused by Erysiphe cichoracearum

35. Assignment I: explain what type of the symptoms and give a sample of each. Do with hand writing! • Kudis, Scab • Bergaris, Streak or stripe • Kerdil, Stunting • Rebah semai, damping off • Fasiasi, fasciation • Blast • Karat, rust • Pustul, Pustule • Kalus, Callus • Salah bentuk, Malformation • Tilosis, tylosis • Puru, Gall • Filodi, phylody • Sarkodi, Sarcody • EmbunTepung, powdery mildew • Embun upas, Donwny mildew • Antrak, antractnose • Cacar, blister • Kelayuan, wilting • Etiolasi, etiolation • Klorosis, chlorosis • Mosaik, mosaic • Belang, mottling • Pemucatan urat daun, Vein clearing • Penggelapan urat daun, Vein banding • Pembusukan, rotting • Bercak, spot • Hawar, blight • Lobang tembak, Shot hole • Kanker, cancer • Pemumian, mummification • Mati pucuk, die-back • Roset, Rosetting • Peruntuhan, Abscission • Keriting, Curling