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WORLD OF DREAMS. It’s like Costner’s Field of Dreams, except much, much larger. WHAT IS A DREAM?. Conventional view: mental experiences during REM This is going under numerous revisions due to new research. CONTENTS OF DREAMS. Most dreams are mundane Familiar settings, familiar people
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WORLD OF DREAMS It’s like Costner’s Field of Dreams, except much, much larger
WHAT IS A DREAM? • Conventional view: mental experiences during REM • This is going under numerous revisions due to new research
CONTENTS OF DREAMS • Most dreams are mundane • Familiar settings, familiar people • Dreams tend to center on internal conflicts • Usually self-centered • Gender roles effect dreams
LINKS BETWEEN DREAMS AND WAKING LIFE • Freud noticed that waking life is in dreams (daily residue) • Stimuli are perceived in dreams while subjects are still asleep
CULTURE AND DREAMS • Western civs don’t take dreams seriously • Other civs see dreams as insight into self, prophecy, or the spirit world • Some dream themes are universal • Interpreting dreams varies from culture to culture
THEORIES OF DREAMING • Freud: wish fulfillment • Cartwright: problem-solving • Hobson, McCarley: activation-synthesis model; by-product of bursts of activity from the subcortical areas in the brain
HYPNOSIS: ALTERED CONSCIOUSNESS OR ROLE PLAYING? Franz Anton Mesmer stumbled onto the power of suggestion. James Braid coined the term hypnotism in 1843
HYPNOTIC INDUCTION AND SUSCEPTIBILITY • Hypnosis: a systematic procedure that typically produces a heightened state of suggestibility • 10% of population do not react to hypnotic suggestion • Susceptibility depends on attitude and expectations of subject
HYPNOTIC PHENOMENA • Anesthesia: sometimes used in medical procedures instead of drugs • Sensory distortions and hallucinations: can be used to create or block senses • Disinhibition: make someone do something they normally would not • Posthypnotic suggestions and amnesia: influence behavior; make people forget what they did while under hypnosis
THEORIES OF HYPNOSIS • Barber/Spanos: hypnosis as role playing • People behave the way they believe a hypnotized person would behave • Non-hypnotized subjects can duplicate results • Memory of “hypnotized” is more fantasy than reality
THEORIES CONTINUED • Beahrs, Fromm, Hilgard • Role-playing theory does not explain all phenomena • Hilgard: hypnosis creates an “altered state of consciousness” called dissociation---splitting off of mental processes into two separate, simultaneous streams of awareness