Gerunds and Infinitives Chapters 14 and 15

1. Winter Sports Gerunds and InfinitivesChapters 14 and 15

2. One of the most popular winter sports is skiing. Cross-country skiing requires skiers to use their own strength and movement to get across an area that is covered with snow. Many people enjoy cross-country skiing because it allows them to go at a pace that is slow enough to explore the countryside. It is also a good way to get some exercise. Other people prefer to ski down a hill because they think it is more thrilling. Downhill skiing involves ridinga mechanical lift up a hill or mountain. From there, skiers glide down. Downhill skiing can be dangerous. Some people worry about getting injured. To control one’s speed properly takes a lot of practice.

3. A gerund can be used as the subject of a sentence or the object of a verb. A gerund can also be used as the object of a preposition. subject Many people enjoyskiing. object of the verb Some people worry aboutgetting injured. object of the preposition Skiing requires a lot of strength.

4. Like gerunds, infinitives can also be used as the subjectof a sentence or the object of a verb, but it is not common to use an infinitive as the subject. object of the verb To control one’s speed properly takes a lot of practice. subject Some people prefer to ski down a hill.

5. Have you ever triedsnowboarding? It is a winter sport that was inspired by skateboarding, surfing, and skiing. It involves going down a slope with a snowboard attached to the rider’s feet. Snowboarding was developed in the United States in the 1960s. In the 1970s snowboarders began to go to traditional ski resorts. Many skiers didn’t appreciatesharing “their” mountain with snowboarders, but snowboarding keptgrowing in popularity. By the 1990s, almost all ski resorts had agreedto accept both skiers and snowboarders. In the late 1990s, the International Olympic Committee decided to make snowboarding an official sport of the Winter Olympics.

6. Gerunds can be used as the objects of certain verbs. Many skiers didn’t appreciatesharing the mountain. Snowboarding keptgrowing in popularity. enjoy quit (give up) avoid appreciate finish (get through) consider postpone discuss mind delay mention suggest keep (keep on)

7. Some verbs are followed immediately by infintives. Ski resorts agreedto accept both skiers and snowboarders. The committee decided to make snowboarding an official sport. want to refuse to intend to hope to need to promise to plan to offer to seem to like to agree to pretend to decide to appear to ask to

8. PRACTICE 1 Complete each sentence with a gerund or infinitive. 1. Both skiing and snowboarding can be dangerous. Some people are scared of (get) __________ injured. 2. Tatiana enjoys (competing) ___________ in races. 3. She hopes (participate) _____________ in the Winter Olympics next year. 4. She needs (practice) ______________ every day. 5. Tatiana’s coach has agreed (work) ___________ with her every day until it’s time for the Olympic try-outs. 6. The coach intends (see) __________ Tatiana win a medal. getting competing to participate to practice to work to see

9. Some verbs can be followed by either an infinitive or a gerund with no difference in meaning. Snowboarders began to go to traditional ski resorts. same meaning Snowboarders begangoing to traditional ski resorts.

10. Some verbs can be followed by either an infinitive or a gerund, but the meaning is different. (stop + gerund= stop an activity) Sometimes on drives through mountains, Ella stops to snowboard. (stop + infinitive = stop one activity in order to start another. Ella stops driving in order to snowboard) John stoppedsnowboardingafter he hurt his knee.

11. Scott, Mazzen, and Ray went campingin the mountains. They had fun spending time together, but they had trouble hiking up the mountain. They had to use snowshoes to get to their destination. Snowshoes look like big paddles that people attach to the bottom of their shoes in order to walkon top of snow. Without the snowshoes, their feet might sink deep into the snow. This can be very dangerous, especially in deep snow. It is difficult to get out of very high snow.

12. Go is followed by a gerund in some idiomatic expressions, usually to express recreational activities. They went hiking intheir snowshoes. go biking go fishing go shopping go camping go hiking go skating go canoeing go jogging go skiing go dancing go running go swimming They decided to go camping.

13. -ing form follows certain special expressions. have a good time have fun + verb -ing They were having funusing their snowshoes. They were having a good timeusing their snowshoes.

14. -ing form follows certain special expressions. have trouble/difficulty have a hard time have a difficult time + -ing Theyhad a hard timewalkingup the mountain. Theyhad troublewalkingup the mountain.

15. An infinitive phrase is often used with it as the subject of a sentence. It isdifficult to hike in the snow. It is fun to try new sports. It isn’t necessary to spend a lot of money on sports.

16. PRACTICE 2 1. What winter activities do you enjoy? 2. Which winter sports do you want to try? 3. Have you tried ice skating? 4. Would you prefer to go skiing or snowboarding? 5. Have you ever had a hard time learning something new? 6. What sports are difficult to do?

17. Are you ready to try skiing or snowboarding? Being prepared for the cold winter conditions is very important. Before you can begin, you need to be dressed in proper gear. You need a good ski bib or ski pants and a jacket. A good ski suit should be flexible enough to allow you to move freely. You also need a good pair of gloves that are thick, but they should not be too stiff to move. Finally, you’ll need a pair of ski goggles in order to protect your eyes and a helmet to protect your head.

18. In order tois used to express purpose. It answers the question “Why?” In orderis often omitted. You need a good pair of gogglesin order to protect your eyes. You need a good pair of gogglesto protect your eyes.

19. Enough can be followed by an infinitive. Enough follows an adjective and usually precedes a noun. Too can also be followed by an adjective + infinitive. It implies a negative result. You need enough gear to stay warm. enough + noun adjective + enough It is too cold to go skiing without proper winter gear. too + adjective Your gloves should be flexible enough to allow you to move your fingers.

20. Passive gerunds use being + past participle. Passive infinitives use to be + past participle. Being prepared for the cold winter conditions is very important. passive gerund passive infinitive You need to be dressed in proper gear.

21. PRACTICE 3 Check Your Knowledge 1. Isabel went (skiing, to ski) with her friends last weekend. 2. She had a good time (catching up, to catch up) with her friends. 3. She was (too tired, tired enough) to ski again the next day. 4. I’m not (enough experience, experienced enough) to ski on advanced trails. 5. I need to take some lessons (in order to improve , for improving) my skills. 6. It is important (being prepared, to be prepared) for emergency situations.