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KEY CONCEPT Gametes have half the number of chromosomes that body cells have.

Learn how gametes have half the DNA of body cells, about homologous chromosomes, diploid vs haploid cells, mitosis vs meiosis, and the importance of maintaining chromosome numbers in animals. Explore the key concepts of genetics and reproduction.

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KEY CONCEPT Gametes have half the number of chromosomes that body cells have.

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  1. KEY CONCEPT Gametes have half the number of chromosomes that body cells have.

  2. sex cells (egg) body cells (muscle) sex cells (sperm) You have body cells and gametes. • Body cells (like skin, muscle or nerve cells) are also called somatic cells. • Germ cells develop into gametes. • Germ cells are located in the ovaries and testes. • Gametes are sex cells: egg and sperm. • Gametes have DNA that can be passed to offspring. • Somatic cells have 2 of each chromosome whereas gametes only have a single set of chromosomes.

  3. Your cells have autosomes and sex chromosomes. • Your body cells have 23 pairs of chromosomes. • Homologous pairs of chromosomes have the same structure. • For each homologous pair, one chromosome comes from each parent. • Chromosome pairs 1-22 are autosomes. • Sex chromosomes, X and Y, determine gender in mammals. Summarize: Are homologous chromosomes identical to each other? Explain.

  4. Body cells are diploid; gametes are haploid. • Fertilization between egg and sperm occurs in sexual reproduction. • Diploid (2n) cells have two copies of every chromosome. • Body cells are diploid. • Half the chromosomes come from each parent. • Example: For a human: 2n = 46, where n = the total number of different chromosomes. Practice: What is the diploid number of the cell pictured?

  5. Haploid (n) cells have one copy of every chromosome. • Gametes are haploid. • Gametes have 22 autosomes and 1 sex chromosome. • For example: in humans, the haploid number is 23. Practice: What is the haploid number of the cell pictured? Apply: Why is it important that gametes are haploid?

  6. Chromosome number must be maintained in animals. • Many plants and some animals have more than two copies of each chromosome. • Mitosis and meiosis are types of nuclear division that make different types of cells. • Mitosis* makesmore diploid cells *Remember: mitosis occurs in somatic cells for growth or to replace or repair old worn out cells.

  7. Meiosis makes haploid cells from diploid cells. • Meiosis occurs in sex cells. • Meiosis is the production gametes (egg cell or sperm cells) that is essential for sexual reproduction. Compare and contrast: Explain how you think the process of mitosis and meiosis are similar and different.

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