The Human Body

1. Chapter 4 The Human Body

2. Case History You respond to a call and find a 25-year-old woman who has been stabbed several times in the chest and abdomen. The wounds are located on the front of the chest wall between the fourth and fifth rib on the left side, on the center of the abdomen, just below the breastbone and in the lower abdomen just above the pubic bone. There is minimal external bleeding.

3. Anatomical Terms • Superior • Inferior • Anterior (ventral) • Posterior (dorsal) • Midline • Lateral • Medial

5. Anatomical Terms • Midclavicular • Midaxillary • Proximal • Distal • Palmar • Plantar • Bilateral

6. Position • Erect • Prone • Supine

7. Lateral Recumbent

8. Shock Position 8-12 inches

9. Fowler’s

10. Trendelenberg

11. Movement • Abduction • Adduction

12. Movement • Flexion • Extension • Hyperextension

13. Movement • Medial rotation • Lateral rotation

14. Organization of the Body • Cell – the fundamental unit of all living things • Tissue – cells grouped together to serve a common function • Organ – several type of tissues working together to serve a function (e.g., heart, liver, lungs) • Organ system – several organs working together to serve a complex function

15. Skeletal System Function • Gives the body shape • Protects vital organs • Provides body movement

16. Skeletal System

17. Bones and Other Connective Tissues • Bones – a form of connective tissue • 206 bones • Other forms of connective tissue • Cartilage • Ligaments • Tendons

18. Skull

19. 33 vertebrae Cervical – 7 Thoracic – 12 Lumbar – 5 Sacral – 5 Coccygeal - 4 Spinal Column

20. Major Body Cavities • Cranial • Spinal • Thoracic • Abdominopelvic

21. Major Body Cavities

22. Pelvic Cavity

23. Abdominal Quadrants

24. Upper Extremities

25. Lower Extremities

26. Types of Joints

27. Types of Muscle • Voluntary • Involuntary • Cardiac

28. Skeletal Muscles

29. Respiratory System

30. Upper Respiratory Tract

31. Lower Respiratory Tract

32. Muscles of Respiration

33. Inspiration (Active) • Diaphragm flattens, increases inferior-superior diameter of chest • External intercostals pull ribs up, increase anterior-posterior, lateral dimensions • Increase in size — more volume, less gas, decrease in pressure, air rushes in • Inspiration continues until pressure between lung and atmosphere equalizes

34. Expiration (Passive) • Elastic recoil of lungs plus muscle relaxation • Chest cavity decreases in size — less volume, more gas, air rushes out to atmosphere • Expiration continues until atmosphere and chest pressure are equal

35. Inspiration and Expiration

36. Diffusion of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide

37. Adequate Breathing • Normal rate • Adult — 12-20/minute • Child — 15-30/minute • Infant — 25-50/minute • Rhythm • Quality • Depth (tidal volume)

38. Inadequate Breathing • Rate — outside of normal ranges • Rhythm — irregular • Quality • Breath sounds — diminished or absent • Chest expansion — unequal or inadequate • Increased effort of breathing

39. Inadequate Breathing • Depth (tidal volume) — inadequate/shallow • Skin • Pale or cyanotic (blue) • Cool and clammy • Retractions • Nasal flaring • Seesaw breathing • Agonal respirations

40. Infant and Child Anatomy Considerations • Smaller airway • Tongue is larger in relation to mouth • Trachea • Narrower • More pliable • Cricoid cartilage • Smaller and less rigid • Narrowest portion of the airway • Infants and children depend on diaphragm for breathing

41. Heart and Great Vessels

42. Pericardium

43. Chambers of the Heart

44. Systemic and Pulmonary Circulation

45. Valves of the Heart

46. Arteries, Capillaries, and Veins

47. Major Systemic Arteries

48. Capillaries

49. Major Systemic Veins

50. Composition of Blood