DR RESENDE 2011

1. TEACHING METHODOLOGY • DR RESENDE • 2011 EAST MEETS WEST at the threshold of a worldwide revolution in learning

2. GOAL OF THIS LECTURE: CHALLENGES IN THE 21ST CENTURY PROBLEM: A new electronic learning environment is replacing the linear, text-bound culture of conventional schools. SOLUTION: We need to free ourselves from the conventional education model.

3. GOAL OF THIS LECTURE: CHALLENGES IN THE 21ST CENTURY DEMOGRAPHIC EXPLOSION 1800 world's population = 1 billion 1927 world's population = 2 billion 1959 world's population = 3 billion 1974 world's population = 4 billion 1987 world's population = 5 billion 1999 world's population = 6 billion 2011 world's population = 7 billion To meet the education needs of this demographic explosion, we must think outside the box of conventional schooling.

4. HIGHLIGHTS OF THIS LECTURE NEW LEARNING AGE: DIGITAL ERA 新学习时代：数字时代 NEW TEACHING METHODOLOGY: 4 SKILLS 新教学法：4种技能 EAST AND WEST FACE SAME CHALLENGES IN THE 21ST CENTURY21世纪东西方共同面临的挑战 OVERVIEW OF THE PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE 教学法综述：过去，现在和未来

5. CONTENTS OF THIS LECTURE PRESENT: Education in China and America – similarities and differences. PAST: Foundations of Education in the East and West - Confucius and Socrates. FUTURE: Common Challenges for the East and West in the 21st century.

6. EAST MEETS WEST EDUCATION IN CHINA AND AMERICA PRESENT WHAT IS THE EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM LIKE IN CHINA? AND IN AMERICA?

7. Personal Experience

8. Hierarchy The hierarchy of China education system can be illustrated in the following figure. Hierarchy The hierarchy of China education system can be illustrated in the following figure. EDUCATION IN AMERICA

9. EAST MEETS WEST EDUCATION IN CHINA AND AMERICA PRESENT DO STUDENTS HAVE SIMILAR EXPERIENCES?

10. EDUCATION IN CHINA AND AMERICA Compare and Contrast

11. EDUCATION IN CHINA AND AMERICA Compare and Contrast EXAM-ORIENTED DISCUSSION SELF STUDY TEACHER CENTERED SKILLS-ORIENTED GROUP STUDY MEMORIZATION STUDENT CENTERED

12. COMPARISON AND CONTRAST CHINA STUDENTS ARE FORCED TO STUDY FOCUS ON COGNITIVE SKILLS ROTE MEMORIZATION REPETITION AND IMITATION EXTRA-CURRICULAR ACTIVITIES GOAL: REALIZING PARENTS’ DREAM

13. COMPARISON AND CONTRAST AMERICA STUDENTS ARE FREE TO STUDY FOCUS ON ANALYTICAL SKILLS CREATIVE PROGRAMS SELF-STUDY ALTERNATIVE EDUCATION GOAL: REALIZING ONE’S POTENTIAL

14. EAST MEETS WEST FOUNDATIONS OF EDUCATION PAST LET’S LOOK AT THE FOUNDATIONS OF EDUCATION: SOCRATES AND CONFUCIUS

15. CONFUCIUS ON LEARNING Confucius' pedagogical method: asking questions, citing the classics, using analogies. Learning as a process of observation of some type of subject matter - books, objects, or people - followed by reflection and inner change. LEARNING = MATURATION

16. SOCRATES ON LEARNING Socrates' pedagogical method: seeking truth requires questioning and interpreting the wisdom and knowledge of others. Learning as a process of observation of the wise, examining their lives, examining oneself and attaining moral knowledge. LEARNING = SEEKING TRUTH

17. CONFUCIUS’ METHODOLOGY Set a good example and inspire students Guide students to practise self-control and self-analysis Explain the present in the light of the past Combine theory and practice Encourage independent thought Welcome criticism and accept correction

18. SOCRATES’ METHODOLOGY Discover knowledge Use a dialectic method, investigate problems through dialogue discussions - Socratic method Use critical inquiry Know your limitations Know your weaknesses and control negative tendencies. Life-long pursuit of self-improvement and moral standards

19. SIMILARITIES • Learning as a personal and highly individual activity. • Learning as the seeking of virtue and self-control; thus, raising individual moral standards. • Learning is not for an elite but for all and it encourages competence through meritocracy. • Learning has a profound effect on society; it promotes intellectual and moral development. • Learning fosters critical thinking which is laborious work. 学而不思则罔，思而不学则殆 Study without thought is labor lost; thought without study is dangerous.

20. EAST MEETS WEST AT THE THRESHOLD OF A WORLDWIDE REVOLUTION IN LEARNING FUTURE WHAT COMMON CHALLENGES DO THE WEST AND EAST FACE IN THE 21ST CENTURY?

21. EAST MEETS WEST AT THE THRESHOLD OF A WORLDWIDE REVOLUTION IN LEARNING Fewer of us are reading books and more of us are surfing the internet. FACTS Current education system clearly shows that the standardized testing regime and the outdated curricula are wasting the potential of our youth.

22. EAST MEETS WEST AT THE THRESHOLD OF A WORLDWIDE REVOLUTION IN LEARNING HYPOTHESIS •  Can we blend Confucius and Socrates’ • wisdom with the current digital culture? •  Can we adapt the outdated educational systems • to a rapidly changing world? • How do we align the flexible cognitive frameworks with the age of electronic learning?

23. EAST MEETS WEST AT THE THRESHOLD OF A WORLDWIDE REVOLUTION IN LEARNING DILEMMA Is technology propelling a new age of enlightenment or a faulty set of trivialities?

24. MARK BAUERLEIN’S BOOK The Dumbest Generation (2008) NEGATIVE SIDE “The Internet culture facilitates egocentric, sociocentric and ethnocentric views which are profoundly anti-intellectual.”

25. GERALD HUFF AND BROR SAXBERG “Full immersion - How will 10-year-olds learn?”(2009) POSITIVE SIDE “Technology Is an extension of our minds. Immersive technologies such as multitouch displays; telepresence ; 3-D environments; intelligent software; and simulations—will transform teaching and learning by 2025.”

26. BENEFITS OF TECHNOLOGY FOR TEACHING METHODOLOGY? FINDINGS  Learning would take place both in and out of school.  Teachers would no longer manage learning but would facilitate learning, creatively adapting curriculum to their students' needs.  Like any creative effort, this collective journey would include errors, lack of good information, and false starts but the learning process would be a continuum.  Teachers could act as guides and focus on 21st century thinking skills of critical reflection, empirical reasoning, collective intelligence, and metacognition, thus developing a new approach to education.

27. CRITICAL REFLECTION 批判性反思It is essential to distinguish fact from factoid, reality from fiction, and truth from lies.Critical reflection enables us to see the world from multiple points of view and imagine alternate outcomes. NEW APPROACH TO EDUCATION

28. EMPIRICAL REASONING实证推理It is essential to base our methods of inquiry on direct observation, objective analysis, scientific spirit and pragmatic outlook. We need a healthy and viable approach to tackle the world’s problems and live harmoniously. NEW APPROACH TO EDUCATION

29. COLLECTIVE INTELLIGENCE 集体智慧 All knowledge is social; we are not educational islands. Therefore, we need teamwork, we need to think collectively to solve common problems. NEW APPROACH TO EDUCATION

30. METACOGNITION元认知We need metacognitive skills that lead to self-disciplined, self-monitored and self-corrective thinking. We need to align these flexible, expansive and adaptive cognitive frameworks with the age of electronic learning. NEW APPROACH TO EDUCATION

31. THE FUTURE OF TEACHING METHODOLOGY CONCLUSION We need to stop thinking of schools as buildings and start thinking of learning as occurring in many different places; we need to free ourselves from the conventional education model that still dominates our thinking.

32. REFERENCES • Cookson Jr., Peter(2009)“What Would Socrates Say?” Teaching for the 21st Century, Volume 67(1), 8-14. • Howe, N, Strauss, W, Matson, R.J. (2000)Millennials Rising: The Next Generation.Vintage Books, N.Y. • Huff, G., & Saxberg, B.(2009) “Full immersion—How will 10-year-olds learn?”Education Next, 9(3), 79–82. • Reynard, Ruth (2008) “21st Century Teaching and Learning: Assessing New Knowledge” The Journal • Scardamalia, M., & Bereiter, C. (1999) “Schools as knowledge building organizations.” In D. Keating & C. Hertzman (Eds.), Today's children, tomorrow's society: The developmental health and wealth of nations. • Siemens, G. (2004).“Connectivism: A learning theory for the digital age.” • Soloman, G; Schrum, L. (2007)“Web 2.0: new tools, new schools.” International Society for Technology in Education OR, USA.