Lecture 3

1. Lecture 3 What is meaning?

2. Euphemism • Definition: • Euphemism is “the use of pleasant, mild or indirect words or phrases in place of more accurate or direct ones.” [Crowther (ed.), 1992: 305] Respectively, morticians (also called undertakers) and a garbage man may be euphemistically replaced by funeral directors and a sanitation engineer.

3. Distinction between a taboo word and a euphemism. • A taboo word, a ‘dirty’ word, is the word or the linguistic expression that refers to a taboo act or behaviour in a society, a culture or a speech community while a euphemism is the word or the linguistic expression that replaces a taboo word or serves to avoid a frightening or unpleasant subject. • It is crucial to recognize that a taboo word and its euphemism share the same denotative meaning but they differ in their connotative meanings: the taboo word has a negativeconnotation whereas its euphemism has a positive connotation.

4. Distinction between a taboo word and a euphemism. • Below are a number of common euphemisms and their taboo words:

5. Hyponymy • Definition • Hyponymy is a relation in which the referent of a word istotally included in the referent of another word. In other words, hyponymy is the relationship between each of thehyponyms22(the “lower” word) and its superordinate23(the“higher” word): cook grill toast boil fry24 roast bake smoke ……… stir-fry sauteù deep-fry

6. Exercise 9 • Each of the following sentences presents a pair of words. Which of them is a superordinate and which, ahyponym? • She reads books all day – mostly novels. • A crocodile is a reptile. • There’s no flower more beautiful than a tulip. • He likes all vegetables except carrots.

7. Exercise 9 • Each of the following sentences presents a pair of words. Which of them is a superordinate and which, ahyponym? • She reads books all day – mostly novels. • A crocodile is a reptile. • There’s no flower more beautiful than a tulip. • He likes all vegetables except carrots.

8. Exercise 9 • Each of the following sentences presents a pair of words. Which of them is a superordinate and which, ahyponym? • She reads books all day – mostly novels. • A crocodile is a reptile. • There’s no flower more beautiful than a tulip. • He likes all vegetables except carrots.

9. Exercise 9 • Each of the following sentences presents a pair of words. Which of them is a superordinate and which, ahyponym? • She reads books all day – mostly novels. • A crocodile is a reptile. • There’s no flower more beautiful than a tulip. • He likes all vegetables except carrots.

10. Exercise 9 • Each of the following sentences presents a pair of words. Which of them is a superordinate and which, ahyponym? • She reads books all day – mostly novels. • A crocodile is a reptile. • There’s no flower more beautiful than a tulip. • He likes all vegetables except carrots.

11. Exercise 10 • Draw a chart to show the relationship between asuperordinateand a hyponym. • luggage and suitcase • green vegetable and bean

12. Exercise 10 • Draw a chart to show the relationship between asuperordinateand a hyponym. • luggage and suitcase • green vegetable and bean Luggage suitcase briefcase handbag backpack

13. Exercise 10 • Draw a chart to show the relationship between asuperordinateand a hyponym. • luggage and suitcase • green vegetable and bean Green vegetables cabbage lettuce beans broccoli

14. Thank you!