What are the trade-offs in moving between types of structure? What are the “forces” that govern which is in operation?

1. How do they emerge? • What can each do? • What problems does each solve? • What problems does each need to solve to maintain itself? Hierarchy Recursive structure: groups of groups of groups.. of individuals Community voluntary association cooperation, “an interaction space” “flat” topology Autonomy Freedom of action of elements Maintains components in particular structural relationships • What are the trade-offs in moving between types of structure? • What are the “forces” that govern which is in operation? • What are the barriers to moving between structures? power relationships Compositional or functional hierarchy Multi-level selection  “higher entities”

2. Distinguishing properties • Decision rights or power of entities. • Relationships between entities • Intents / utility / goals. • Homogeneity and heterogeneity of entities  allows specialisation • Architecture (flat / network / tree). • Defining scale, scope, level; system and context is important for clarity What are the correlations between these?

3. Utility Functions: Cui bono? • To address "cui bono" we have to identify all the "entities" that might be candidates for benefit. To qualify as an entity in the first place we propose: • continuity of existence. • ability to act (as an entity). • implicit "interest" against which potential "benefit" could be assessed • ?

4. Cui bono?

6. How does specialisation (versus multifunctionality) arise? • Autonomy: niche exploitation. • Communities: comparative advantage in trade and exchange. • Hierarchies: • specialisation for effectiveness from task perspective • efficiency of exploitation of the organisation by power elite

7. Why do hierarchies emerge? • To permit centralised control. • To manage resources efficiently. • To manage interactions. • To undertake more complex tasks. • To undertake larger scale tasks. • ? Why do communities emerge? • To undertake larger scale tasks. • To enhance individual benefits • ?

8. Where does a market sit? • Autonomy? • traders acting partly independently. • Community? • traders interacting in a market place (eg. watching pricing, working out what to trade in) • Hierarchy? • governance of market place. • Multiple structures may exist at different scales and perspectives: • Companies (interactions across the hierarchy) • Wolves have a hierarchical social structure but hunt as a community, although the hunt is initiated through the hierarchy.

9. A interacting with B: Trade Space • What is ‘benefit’? • Enhanced outcome against one’s: • Values • Intents • Strategies • Plans • Tasks • What can change: • Values • Intents • Strategies • Plans • Tasks • Capabilities ends ways means B does all the changing A doesn’t change A does all the changing B doesn’t change A and B Change equally A gets all the benefit B gets no benefit independence exploitation A and B Benefit equally A less ‘mature’? B more competent Equal cooperation B less ‘mature’? A more competent Who Benefits From The changes B gets all the benefit A gets no benefit exploitation independence Who changes