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Chemistry 2009-2010

Chemistry 2009-2010. Final Exam Study Guide. Ideal Gases. Ideal gases are defined according to the KMT. Ideal vs. Real Gases. most gases behave close to the ideal when high temperature – so they have enough KE to overcome attractive forces low pressure – so they are very spread out.

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Chemistry 2009-2010

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  1. Chemistry 2009-2010 Final Exam Study Guide

  2. Ideal Gases • Ideal gases are defined according to the KMT

  3. Ideal vs. Real Gases • most gases behave close to the ideal when • high temperature – so they have enough KE to overcome attractive forces • low pressure – so they are very spread out

  4. Conversion • 1 atm = 760 mmHg = 760 torr = 101.325 kPa

  5. Practice Conversions • Convert 0.927 atm to • mmHg • torr • kPa

  6. STP • STP- (standard temperature and pressure) • STP = 273 K or 0 C and 760 Torr or 1 atm

  7. Molar Volume • Standard Molar Volume of Gas • volume of one mole of gas at STP is 22.4L • 22.4 L of any gas has one mole of particles but has different masses • STP is 1 atm and 0°C • If pressure and Temperature are constant the ideal gas law reduces to Avogadro’s Law.

  8. Temperature • Because the temperature of a material acts as “molecular speedometer”. We measure the average kinetic energy (energy of motion) of particles with thermometers. • The measurement of the average kinetic enegry.

  9. Density • Most substances are: • more dense in the liquid state than the gaseous state. • less dense in the liquid state than the solid state. • Most dense in the solid state

  10. Types of Solids • Crystalline solid- consist of crystals, particles arranged in orderly, geometric pattern. • Amorphous solid- one in which the particles are arranged randomly

  11. Solubility Rules • Like dissolves like • Polar solvents will ONLY dissolve polar solutes • Nonpolar solvents will ONLY dissolve nonpolar solutes

  12. Gas in a Liquid • Lack of heat, lack of motion and increase in pressure – help gas dissolve in a liquid (think soda pop)

  13. Acid and Base Properties • Acids- Change indicators (blue litmus to red). • Bases- Change indicators (red litmus turns blue).

  14. Neutralization Reaction • Acid + Base = Water + Salt • Neutralization Reaction - a reaction in which an acid and a base react in an aqueous solution to produce a salt and water.

  15. Strong Acid and Bases • STRONG ACIDS AND BASES IONIZE COMPLETELY IN WATER • WEAK ACIDS AND BASES DO NOT IONIZE COMPLETELY IN WATER

  16. pH

  17. Indicators • Substances that are one color in an acid and another in a basic or alkaline solution • Litmus: acids = red, bases = blue • phenolphthalein (PHTH): acids = colorless, bases = pink

  18. Titration Titration is the process of adding a known amount of solution of known concentration to determine the concentration of another solution

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