The Nervous System Review PsTL 1082-1/Fall 08

1. The Nervous System ReviewPsTL 1082-1/Fall 08 Modified slides from Murray Jensen’s Originals for PsTL 1135 Images from.. Loyola University Medical Center Lumen Histology Site Anatomy TV JayDoc HistoWeb McGraw Hill

2. What is removed in a lobotomy? • What are some of the prefrontal cortex functions?

3. What is a lobotomy? • It is a surgery that destroys the prefrontal cortex--common changes include a major personality change • Prefrontal cortex functions • planning, moral judgement, and emotional control

4. What are the functions of GLIAL CELLS?

5. Functions of Glial Cells • (1) to surround neurons and hold them in place, • (2) to supply nutrients and oxygen to neurons, • (3) to insulate one neuron from another, and • (4) to destroy pathogens and remove dead neurons.

6. More Glial cells

7. Which of the following systems are seen in this image? a. Nervousb. Lymphatic c. Digestived. Respiratory What is in the blood vessels that is key to the brain?

8. What is in the blood vessels that is key to the brain? Oxygen!!!

9. Blood transports oxygen and other nutrients necessary for the health of neurons, so a constant flow of blood to the brain must be maintained. The brain uses approximately twenty percent of the body's blood and needs twenty-five percent of the body's oxygen supply to function optimally. Approximately 46 milliliters of oxygen are used by the entire brain in one minute. During sleep, blood flow to the brain is increased, but the rate of oxygen consumption remains the same.

10. Neuro-Muscular Junction: What’s its function?

11. Neuro-Muscular Junction: What’s its function? A NMJ is the synapse or junction of the axon terminal of a motor neuron with the motor end plate, where the signal passes through the neuromuscular junction via the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.

12. What is Myelin?

13. As part of the nervous system, myelin lines nerve fibers to protect and insulate neurons. Myelin aids in the quick and accurate transmission of electrical current carrying data from one nerve cell to the next. When myelin becomes damaged, the process involves numerous health conditions, including multiple sclerosis.

14. What is myelin made of ?

15. What is myelin made of ?Myelin is always made of lipids of proteins.

16. What is the function of oligodendrocytes in the CNS? • What is the cell that does this function in the PNS? • What is a Node of Ranvier?

17. What is the function of oligodendrocytes in the CNS? It makes myelin. • What is the cell that does this function in the PNS? Schwann cells • What is a Node of Ranvier? the gaps formed between myelin sheath cells along axons or nerve fibers

18. Subdivisions of Nervous System Two major anatomical subdivisions • Central nervous system (CNS) • brain and spinal cord enclosed in bony coverings • Peripheral nervous system (PNS) • nerve = bundle of axons in connective tissue • ganglion = swelling of cell bodies in a nerve

19. Fundamental Types of Neurons • What are the functions of Sensory (afferent) neurons? • Where are Interneurons found? • What are the functions of interneurons? • There are more interneurons than sensory and motor neurons. True/False • What is the function of Motor (efferent) neurons? • What are effectors?

20. Fundamental Types of Neurons • Sensory (afferent) neurons • detect changes in body and external environment • information transmitted into brain or spinal cord • Interneurons (association neurons) • There are more interneurons than sensory and motor neurons. True/False • lie between sensory and motor pathways in CNS • 90% of our neurons are interneurons • process, store and retrieve information • Motor (efferent) neuron • send signals out to muscles and gland cells • organs that carry out responses called effectors

21. Fundamental Types of Neurons

22. Meninges of the BrainWhat are the functions of the meninges?What are the names of the meninges in order from superficial to deep?

23. Meninges of the BrainWhat are the functions of the meninges? Their major function is to protect the CNS.What are the names of the meninges in order from superficial to deep? The dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater.

24. Meninges of the Brain

25. What is cerebrospinal fluid? Where is it located in the meninges?

26. What is cerebrospinal fluid? Where is it located in the meninges? • Cerebrospinal fluid is a clear bodily fluid that occupies the subarachnoid space and the ventricular system around and inside the brain. Essentially, the brain "floats" in it.

27. What is the function of the cerebrum?

28. What is the function of the cerebrum? • Movement • Sensory Processing • Olfaction • Language and communication • Learning and Memory

29. What is the function of the cerebellum?

30. What is the function of the cerebellum? • regulation and coordination of movement, posture, and balance

31. What is the difference between a sulcus and a gyrus?

32. A sulcus is a depression or fissure in the surface of the brain. • A gyrus is a convoluted ridge between anatomical grooves.

33. What is the corpus callosum?

34. What is the corpus callosum? • bridge between the 2 hemispheres or as the highway in the brain upon which information passes from one half of the brain to the other.

35. More Brain Structures

36. What are the functions of the thalamus?

37. What are the functions of the thalamus? • sensory neuron interpretation - pain, temperature, light touch and pressure

38. What are the functions of the hypothalamus?

39. Functions of the hypothalamus? 1. controls and regulates the autonomic nervous system • 2. control of body temperature • 3. rage and aggression • 4. feeding center • 5. thirst center • 6. sleep and consciousness

40. More Brain Structures

41. More Brain Structures

42. What are the functions of the Midbrain?

43. What are the functions of the midbrain? • Medulla Oblongata - swallowing, vomiting, coughing, sneezing, and hiccupping, • Pons: (means "bridge") - breathing • Midbrain - connecting fibers

44. Figure 8.21

45. Figure 12.12

48. Figure 12.20

49. Figure 8.13

50. Figure 12.13a