Identifying Species Targets at the Landscape/ Seascape Scale

1. Identifying Species Targets at the Landscape/ Seascape Scale

2. Identify species outcomes for hotspot or high-biodiversity wilderness area

3. Identify and delineate key biodiversity areas for globally threatened and geographically concentrated species

4. Identify globally threatened and geographically concentrated species that cannot be conserved at the site scale alone and require conservation action at the landscape/ seascape scale • spp. with large home ranges and nomadic species • spp. that occur at low densities • spp. that move between key biodiversity areas and other migratory species • spp. that now occur in small isolated subpopulations due to habitat fragmentation • spp. that depend on ecological processes that cannot be maintained through protection at the site scale

5. Species with large home ranges and nomadic species • Population with X mature individuals requires more area than in any of the Y largest KBAs identified for the species or in which the species occurs

6. Species that occur at low densities • Population with X mature individuals requires more area than in any of the Y largest KBAs identified for the species or in which the species occurs

7. Species that move between key biodiversity areas • Dispersal: Sub-adult dispersal patterns cannot be accommodated within any of the Y largest KBAs identified for the species or in which the species occurs; • Migratory species: Populations regularly move between KBAs.

8. Species that now occur in small isolated subpopulations due to habitat fragmentation • All subpopulations have less than X mature individuals with limited probability of recolonization due to habitat fragmentation

9. Species that depend on ecological processes that cannot be maintained at the site scale

10. Quantifying Species Targets for Minimizing Extinction Risk at the Landscape/ Seascape Scale

11. Population type targets • Population reduction less than 30% over 10 yrs or 3 generations • Population greater than 10,000 mature individuals • At least one subpopulation containing more than 1,000 mature individuals • Mature individuals spread across more than one subpopulation • More than 10 locations • Probability of EW less than 10% over 100 years

12. Area type targets • No continuing decline in Extent of Occurrence • Area of Occupancy greater than 2,000 km2 • No continuing decline in area/ extent/ quality of habitat

13. Connectivity type targets • No severe fragmentation (i.e. not the case that most of the population found in small relatively isolated populations) Source: Russ (2000)

14. Assessing Area and Connectivity Requirements for Species Targets at the Landscape/ Seascape Scale

15. Assess area requirements to meet area type targets • Extent of Occurrence: minimum area requirement = current extent of occurrence • Area of Occupancy: minimum area requirement = area of occupancy greater than 100/ 2,000 km2 or current area of occupancy • Habitat: minimum area requirement = current area/ extent of habitat, with quality maintained

16. Assess connectivity requirements to meet connectivity type targets Fragmentation: • Map fragments of suitable habitat within Area of Occupancy; • Estimate potential populations of largest fragments; • If no fragment holds suitable habitat for a sub-population of 1,000 mature individuals, then identify options for connecting fragments to achieve sufficient interconnected habitat to support target subpopulation; • Check that increased connectivity does not reduce number of locations/ subpopulations to less than 10.

17. Assess connectivity requirements to meet connectivity type targets Fragmentation example: Tapirus pinchaque (EN) • Population density is 1 per 5.51-5.87 km2 in protected areas; • In Colombia, only 5-6 fragments large enough to support 150 individuals (estimated minimum for viable population in the short-term); • Remaining patches could play an important role in conservation of the species if connected to larger patches. Source: Lizcano et al (2002)

18. Assess connectivity requirements for species that move between sites Movement requirements: • Determine movement requirements. • Determine movement/dispersal ability and assess possible limitations. • Characterize and map current connectivity within landscape/ seascape. • Quantify/ specify connectivity requirements.

19. Assess connectivity requirements to meet connectivity type targets Movement example: • For some subpopulations, female migration to upstream nesting sites up to 80km from normal estuarine habitat. • Main threat to migration is dam construction which block routes. • Target = connectivity between nesting and foraging sites (i.e. absence of dams or adequate mitigation measures such as turtle ladders)

20. Identify threats that indicate area/ connectivity requirements

21. Assess area requirements to meet population type targets • Define habitat and specific resource requirements; • Estimate mean population densities (of mature individuals) and estimate total area of suitable habitat required; • Map appropriate habitats and specific resources; • Identify any critical habitats and/ or specific resources that can be protected at the site scale and ensure these are incorporated in KBAs; • Quantify any additional habitat/ resource requirements to meet population targets.

22. Assess area requirements to meet population type targets Example: Casuarius casuarius (VU) • Mean population density = 0.5-2 per km2 sopopulation of 10,000 individuals would require 5,000-20,000 km2. • Habitat and resource requirements: Rainforest and associated habitats – requires access to water points and mixture of habitats in areas with seasonal variation in food supply (fruit-bearing trees).

23. Identify critical habitat/ resources for site-scale protection in KBAs Map appropriate habitats