Pump Primer

1. Pump Primer Identify the two questions that help determine whether an economy is capitalistic or socialistic

2. Unit II: Economics of the Nation Chapter 5: What Is the Economic Problem? Chapter 6: Economic Systems

3. Objectives • Identify the economic problem • List the four primary economic goals of most nations • List the three critical economic questions • Explain the command and market solutions to each of the three economic questions • Describe the egalitarian and libertarian concepts of fairness • Explain the biblical principles that apply to the distribution question

4. Objectives • Describe mercantilism • Describe Adam Smith’s contribution to economics • Define laissez-faire liberalism • Identify the two questions that help determine whether an economy is capitalistic or socialistic • Describe each of the major forms of capitalism • Describe each of the major forms of socialism • Explain how free-market capitalism compares to scriptural principles • Explain how socialism compares to scriptural principles

5. BIBLICAL INTEGRATION: God orchestrates every event in our live as believers for His purpose. We, therefore, need to trust God to work all things together for good for those who love Him. (Rom 8:28)

6. Three Economic Questions • The Output Question: What will the nation produce? • The Input Question: How will the nation produce its goods? • The Distribution Question: Who will receive what the nation produces

7. Consumption Goods & Services Goods and services that are bought by individuals and used to provide personal enjoyment and contribute to a person’s standard of living. • Example: movies and soda (Bade 34)

8. Capital Goods Goods that are bought by businesses to increase their productive resources. • Example: shopping malls and auto assembly lines (Bade 34)

9. Export Goods & Services Goods and services produced in one country and sold in another country. • Example: airplanes produced by Boeing and purchased by Canada. (Bade 34)

10. Government goods and services Goods and services bought by governments. • Example: missiles, weapons, police protection. (Bade 34)

11. Governments Federal Government • The federal government’s major expenditures are to provide 1. Goods and services 2. Social Security and welfare benefits 3. Transfers to state and local governments (Bade 44)

12. Federal Government The federal government finances its expenditures by collecting taxes. • The main taxes are 1. Personal income taxes 2. Corporate (business) taxes 3. Social Security taxes • In 2005, the federal government spent $2.5 trillion—about 20 percent of the total value of all the goods and services produced in the United States in that year. • Taxes raised less than $2.5 trillion—the government had a deficit. (Bade 44)

13. Resource Market • Resource is anything that can be used to produce something else. • List of the economy’s resources usually begin with land, labor (machinery, buildings, and other man-made productive assts),and human capital (the educational achievements and skills of workers).

14. Factors of Production How Do We Produce? • Factors of production are the productive resources used to produce goods and services. • Factors of production are grouped into four categories: • Land • Labor • Capital • Entrepreneurship (Bade 36)

15. Land Includes all the “gifts of nature” that we use to produce goods and services. All the things we call natural resources. • Land includes minerals, water, air, wild plants, animals, birds, and fish. (Bade 36)

16. Labor work time and work effort that people devote to producing goods and services. • The quality of labor depends on how skilled people are—what economists call human capital (the knowledge and skill that people obtain from education, on-the-job training, and work experience). (Bade 37)

17. Capital Tools, instruments, machines, buildings, and other items that have been produced in the past and that businesses now use to produce goods and services. • Capital includes hammers, office buildings, and computers. (Bade 38)

18. Entrepreneurship Human resource that organizes labor, land, and capital. • Entrepreneurscome up with new ideas about what and how to produce, make business decisions, and bear the risks that arise from these decisions. (Bade 39)

19. Factors of Production For Whom Do We Produce? Factors of production are paid incomes: Rent: Income paid for the use of land. Wages: Income paid for the services of labor. Interest: Income paid for the use of capital. Profit (or loss): Income earned by an entrepreneur for running a business. (Bade 39)

20. Governments We divide governments into two broad levels: • Federal government • State and local government (Bade 44)

21. Circular Flow Models A model of the economy that shows: • The circular flow of expenditures and incomes that result from decision makers’ choices and • The way those choices interact in markets to determine what, how, and for whom goods and services are produced. (Bade 42)

22. Households & Firms • Households are individuals or people living together as decision-making units. • Firms are institutions that organize production of goods and services. (Bade 42)

23. Markets A market is any arrangement that brings buyers and sellers together and enables them to get information and do business with each other. • Product markets (Goods) are markets in which goods and services are bought and sold. • Factor markets are markets in which factors of production are bought and sold. (Bade 42)

24. Circular Flow Model • Real Flows and Money Flows • In factor markets: • Households supply factors of production • Firms hire factors of production. • In goods markets: • Firms supply goods and services produced. • Households buy goods and services. (Bade 43, 44)

25. Real Flows & Money Flows Firms pay households incomes for the services of factors of production. • Households pay firms for the goods and services they buy. • These are the money flows. • Blue flows are incomes • (flows clockwise) • Red flows are expenditures • Goods and services (flows counter- clockwise) (Bade 43)

26. The Circular Flow of resources, Goods, services and Money Payments (4) Money Payments (sales dollars) THE PRODUCT MARKET (3) Goods & Services (5) Taxes (7) Taxes HOUSEHOLDS (RESOURCE OWNERS) BUSINESS FIRMS GOVERNMENT (6) Goods & Services (8) Goods & Services (2) Productive Resources THE FACTOR MARKET (1) Money-Income Payments (wages, rents, interest, profit) Figure 10.1

27. Understanding the Circular Flow Activity 10 Break into groups of three to four and complete the following circular flow activity. National Council on Economic Education, New York, N.Y

28. Understanding the circular Flow Part A Each of the flows in the circular flow diagram in Figure 10.1 is numbered. Identify which number matches the transaction described in the following statements. Consider only the first transaction – not the return flow. • David buys a CD at the local store for $9.99. ____ • Emily earns $6.50 per hour entering data at the music conservatory. ____ • Marla pays her federal income tax. ____ • Jagdish receives $15,000 in profits from his half-ownership of a coffee shop. ____ • Keisha makes decorative pillows that she sells for $30.00. ____ • Mammoth Toys Inc. hires 100 new employees. ____ • The National Park Service opens two new campgrounds in Yellowstone National Park. ____. 4 1 5 1 3 2 6

29. Part BWrite T if the statement is true and F if the statement is false. T F • Money flows are clockwise. ____ • Goods and services flows are clockwise. ____ • The resource market determines the price per acre of farmland. ____ • The product market determines the price of computer. ____ • Firms sell resources in the resource markets.____ • Government buys resources and households sell resources. ____ • Government buys products, and firms sell products.____ • The product market determines the salary of the C.E.O. of a firm. ____ • The resources market determines the price of soda. ____ • The resources market determines the price of soda-bottling equipment. ____ T T F T T F F T

30. State and Local Government Expenditures and Revenue The largest part of the state and local governments expenditures are on • Education • Highways • Public welfare benefits (Bade 44)

31. Federal Government Expenditures and Revenue National debt is the total amount that the government has borrowed to make expenditures that exceed tax revenue—to run a government budget deficit. • The national debt is a bit like a large credit card balance. • Paying the interest on the national debt is like paying the minimum required monthly payment. • In 2008, we paid $252,757billion in interest on the national debt. (Bade 44)

32. State of California Proposed Budget Expenditure for 2009-2010 Education is 30.2% of the budget. Health & Human Resource = 28.2% Transportation = 8.9% (Source: CA 2009-2010 Purposed Budget )

33. State Revenue (Source: State of CA Estimated 2009-2010 Revenue)

34. The People U.S. Population: 311,937,013 (Jan. 22, 2011) COMPONENT SETTINGS FOR JANUARY 2011 • One birth every................................................ 8 seconds • One death every............................................. 11 seconds • One international migrant (net) every............. 45 seconds • Net gain of one person every........................... 15 seconds World population: 6,895,200,639 (Jan. 22, 2011) Births per second...........4.2 Deaths per hour.............1.8 (Source: U.S. Census Bureau: US and World Population Clock)

35. Emerging Market and Developing Economies • Emerging market economies - 28 countries of Central and Eastern European and Asia that were until the 1990s part of the Soviet Union. • Almost 500 million people live in these countries. • Developing economies -118 countries in Africa, Asia, the Middle East, Europe, and Central and South America that have not yet achieved high average incomes for their people. • More than 5 billion people live in these countries. (Bade 49)

36. What in the Global Economy? In 2008, the global economy was estimated to produce $70 trillion in goods and services. Figure 2.8 shows the shares of global production. (Bade 50)

37. Energy Source in the World Economy The location of oil, natural gas, and coal determines the sources of the world’s energy. Figure 2.9(a) shows the distribution of oil. (Bade 51)

38. Energy Source in the World Economy The location of oil, natural gas, and coal determines the sources of the world’s energy. Figure 2.9(b) shows the distribution of natural gas. (Bade 51)

39. Energy Source in the World Economy The location of oil, natural gas, and coal determines the sources of the world’s energy. Figure 2.9(c) shows the distribution of coal. (Bade 51)

40. National Economic Goals • The economic problem of a society is how it may best achieve its economic goals. Most societies have identified four primary economic goals: • A Low Level of Unemployment • A Stable Price Level • A Healthy Rate of Economic Growth • A Fair Distribution of Income (Carter 87-88)

41. National Economic Goals • A Low Level of Unemployment: High unemployment is usually accompanied by poverty, crime, despair, and a waste of human intelligence and labor. • A Stable Price Level: If prices start rising rapidly, people will decrease savings and spend greater portions of their incomes in an effort to beat the next price increase. • Inflation: The situation in which over-expansion of the nation’s money supply leads to a sustained rise in the average price level. • Deflation: A situation in which the general price level is declining; usually caused by reduction in the growth rate of the money supply. (Carter 87)

42. National Economic Goals • A Healthy Rate of Economic Growth: Economic growth is an increase in the quantity of goods and services a nation can produce. • Extensive growth is an increase of goods and services produced by business firms that are using more land, labor, or financial capital than previously. • Intensive growth is an increase of goods and services produced when business firms use existing factors of production with greater efficiency. • A Fair Distribution of Income: • Should everyone be guaranteed equality of income, should a “safety net” of economic benefits be provided, or should the government let the market determine each person’s income? (Carter 87-88)

43. How will the Nation’s Goods Be Produced? • A business firm that uses a great deal of human labor relative to real capital is referred to as being labor intensive. • A business that uses relatively more automated equipment is said to be capital intensive. • By using a great deal of human labor, a business firm is contributing to a low unemployment rate, which has the effect of reducing crime and poverty. (Carter 93)

44. Who Will Receive What is Produced? • Democratic fairness maintains that each person in the nation has a right to a part of the nation’s wealth simply because he is part of the human race. • Economic leveling – equally distributing the nation’s income regardless of each person’s ability to contribute to its pool of wealth. • Libertarian fairness (or Economic Darwinism) argues that the only economic right to which citizens are entitled is the right to own and use property free of government interference. (Survival of the fittest.) (Carter 95)

45. Christian Viewpoint • Christians sometimes need to be reminded that economic issues take a distant second to the true mission of the Word of God. (2 Tim. 3:16) • Those who search Scripture to justify their libertarian or egalitarian economic philosophies run the risk of being side-tracked and missing the true lessons that God has in store. (Carter 97)

46. Christian Viewpoint • Scripture does present some clear economic principles regarding income. • Through one’s labor (Gen. 3:17-19; 2 Thess. 3:10) • To care for family needs (I Tim. 5:8) • Caring for the poor (Lev. 23:22) (Carter 97)

47. Early Economic System The 18th Century brought the rise of Adam Smith and the decline of the mercantilists and the physiocrats (fizzeeә kráts) . • Mercantilism was an economic philosophy commonly held in Europe from the 16th to the 18th centuries that advocated the accumulation of gold and silver in order to build a wealthy and powerful state. • “Adam Smith coined the term “mercantile system” to describe the system of political economy that sought to enrich the country by restraining imports and encouraging exports.” • “The goal of these policies was, supposedly, to achieve a “favorable” balance of trade that would bring gold and silver into the country and also to maintain domestic employment.” (LaHaye)

48. Adam Smith • Smith devoted ten years of his life to write An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. • Adam asked, “Why are some nations wealthy while others are poor?” He answer by emphasizing the role of the division of labor and free markets. • Adam argued that a nation is not made wealthy by the childish accumulation of shiny metals, but is enriched by the economic prosperity of its people. (Carter 108)

49. Adam Smith • Laissez-Faire Economy “an economy that relies chiefly on market forces to allocate goods and resources and to determine prices.” • French for “let alone.” • Smith argued that the monarch of a nation who wished his country to prosper should leave his subjects alone and allow them to seek their own profit. • Because of his philosophy of limited government and personal responsibility, he became known as the father of laissez-faire or “let alone” economics. (“Laissez-Faire Economy “) (Carter 108)

50. Modern Economic System • The debate still continues between those who favor economic freedom and those who believe that the state should control economic events, but today the two sides of the argument are capitalism and socialism. Socialistic System Capitalistic System Communism Centralized Socialism Worker Management Socialism Classic Liberal Radical Capitalism (Carter 111-114)