H.S.A . REVIEW

1. H.S.A. REVIEW FOR STUDENTS NEEDING TO PASS THE TEST

2. GOAL 1: SKILLS AND PROCESSES • SCIENTIFIC METHOD • KNOW THE PARTS OF THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD: PROBLEM, HYPOTHESIS, EXPERIMENT (VARIABLE AND CONTROL) • GRAPH INTERPRETATION 3. PARTS OF A GRAPH a. INDEPENDENT VARIABLE b. DEPENDENT VARIABLE

3. SAFETY AND EQUIPMENT • GRADUATED CYLINDER • MICROSCOPE • APRON • GLOVES • GOGGLES OR SAFETY GLASSES

4. BIOCHEMISTRY • ORGANIC MOLECULES • EXAMPLES • 1. LIPIDS (FATS) • 2. PROTEINS (MADE OF AMINO ACIDS) • 3. NUCLEIC ACIDS (DNA AND RNA) • 4. CARBOHYDRATES (GIVE ENERGY)

5. Characteristics of organic compounds • ALL HAVE CARBON • FATS STORE ENERGY • NUCLEIC ACIDS GIVE GENETIC INFORMATION • CARBOHYDRATES GIVE ENERGY • PROTEINS CAN BE ENZYMES AND HELP WITH CHEMICAL REACTIONS • NUCLEIC ACIDS CODE OR CARRY THE MESSAGE FOR PROTEINS

6. TYPES OF CARBOHYDRATES • MONOSACCARIDE – SIMPLE SUGAR • DISACCARIDE – DOUBLE SUGAR • MADE OF CARBON, HYDROGEN, OXYGEN BONDS • ALL OF THESE ARE SUGARS GIVING ENERGY

7. POLAR VS NONPOLAR COMPOUNDS • POLAR DISSOLVE IN WATER. • WATER IS A POLAR MOLECULE. • NONPOLAR DO NOT DISSOLVE IN WATER • LIPIDS DO NOT DISSOLVE IN WATER • LIPIDS ARE THE ONLY NONPOLAR ORGANIC COMPOUND THAT WE ARE CONCERNED WITH

8. WHAT MAKES A MOLECULE POLAR? • WATER IS POLAR. WATER IS WRITTEN H2O. • THE OXYGEN HAS A SLIGHT NEGATIVE CHARGE AND THE HYDROGEN HAS A SLIGHT POSITIVE CHARGE. • THEREFORE, ONE SIDE OF THE MOLECULE IS SLIGHTLY POSITIVELY CHARGE AND THE OTHER SIDE OF THE MOLECULE IS SLIGHTLY NEGATIVELY CHARGED.

9. WHAT VITAMINS DO FOR US • VITAMIN C = HEALS WOUNDS • VITAMIN D = HELPS BONE GROWTH • VITAMIN K = HELPS BLOOD CLOTTING

10. ENZYMES • SPEED UP CHEMICAL REACTIONS • ALL ARE PROTEINS SO THEY ARE MADE FROM AMINO ACIDS • THEY HAVE A CERTAIN FIT OR SHAPE SO A SUBSTRATE FITS IN IT TO MAKE A PRODUCT

11. TWO THING MESS UP ENZyMES SO THEY DON’T WORK • CHANGE THE PH • CHANGE THE TEMPERATURE • ENZYMES HAVE A CERTAIN SHAPE TO THEM THAT ALLOWS ITEMS TO ATTACH TO THEM

12. DIFFUSION • MOLECULES GO FROM AN AREA OF HIGH CONCENTRATION (LOTS OF MOLECULES) TO AN AREA OF LOW CONCENTRATION (VERY FEW MOLECULES). • SUGAR IN WATER • SALT IN WATER • GASES IN A ROOM

13. OSMOSIS • MOVEMENT OF MOLECULES OF WATER FROM AN AREA OF HIGH CONCENTRATION TO AN AREA OF LOW CONCENTRATION THROUGH A MEMBRANE. • HOW WATER GETS INTO A CELL.

14. TYPES OF OSMOSIS SOLUTIONS • HYPERTONIC SOLUTION – HIGH IN PARTICLES, LOW IN WATER • HYPOTONIC SOLUTION – HIGH IN WATER, LOW IN PARTICLES • ISOTONIC SOLUTION – BALANCE OF WATER AND PARTICLES

15. CELL PARTS • CELL MEMBRANE • CELL WALL • NUCLEUS • RIBOSOMES • MITOCHONDRIA

16. CELL MOVEMENT • FLAGELLA OR FLAGELLUM – WHIP LIKE TAIL • PSEUDOPOD OR PSEUDOPODIA – FALSE FOOT. CYTOPLASMIC PROJECTION. A BLOB COMING FROM THE CELL’S SIDE.

17. CILIA OR CILIUM – MICROSCOPIC , TINY HAIR LIKE STRUCTURES. • FLAGELLA ARE LONGER THAN CILIA.

18. CHLOROPLASTS • NEEDED FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS • MAKES OXYGEN AND SUGAR • NEEDS CARBON DIOXIDE, LIGHT, WATER

19. MITOCHONDRIA • NEEDED FOR ENERGY (ATP) • USES OXYGEN, SUGAR • MAKES CARBON DIOXIDE, ATP, WATER. • OPPOSITE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS

20. PHOTOSYNTHESIS VS RESPIRATION • PHOTOSYNTHESIS MAKES OXYGEN AND SUGAR • RESPIRATION MAKES ENERGY, WATER AND CARBON DIOXIDE • THEY ARE OPPOSITE OF EACH OTHER

21. RESPIRATION – OXYGEN PLUS SUGAR MAKES ENERGY, WATER AND CARBON DIOXIDE. • PHOTOSYNTHESIS – ENERGY, WATER AND CARBON DIOXIDE MAKES OXYGEN PLUS SUGAR

22. MITOSIS • THIS IS CELL DIVISION OF BODY CELLS, NOT SEX CELLS • ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION IS MITOSIS. • NEW BODY CELLS ARE MADE BY THIS PROCESS. • MAKES THE FULL NUMBER OF CHROMOSOMES

23. MEIOSIS • THIS PROCESS MAKES SEX CELLS • MAKES EGG AND SPERM • CELLS HAVE ONE HALF THE CHROMOSOME NUMBER IN EGG OR SPERM

24. Mitosis vs meiosis Mitosis Meiosis HALF THE NUMBER OF CHROMOSOMES SEXUAL REPRO START WITH 46 CHROMOSOMES, END WITH 23 CHROMOSOMES • FULL NUMBER OF CHROMOSOME • ASEXUAL REPRO • START WITH 46 CHROMSOMES, END WITH 46 CHROMOSOMES

25. ASEXUAL VS SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Asexual sexual NEW GENE COMBINATIONS TWO CELLS MEET TO MAKE A DIFFERENT CELL EGG MEETS SPERM • NO NEW GENE COMBINATION • ONE CELL MAKES THE SAME CELL

26. GENETICS • DNA – FOUND IN NUCLEUS. CONTAINS GENETIC MATERIAL.. IT’S SHAPE IS A DOUBLE HELIX. • NUCLEOTIDE – PART OF MAKING UP DNA • MADE OF SUGAR, PHOSPHATE AND NITROGEN BASE

27. NUCLEOTIDE • THE BASES ARE G, A, T, C. • A ALWAYS BONDS OR MATCHES WITH T • G ALWAYS BONDS OR MATCHES WITH C • IF THIS DOESN’T HAPPEN, MUTATIONS CAN OCCUR. • MUTATION – CHANGE IN THE DNA.

28. MATCH THE SIDE OF DNA WITH ITS OPPOSITE COMPLIMENTARY BASE • A • G • G • A • C • T • T • C

29. RNA IS ANOTHER NUCLEIC ACID • DIFFERENCES BETWEEN DNA AND RNA • RNA HAS ONE SIDE, DNA HAS TWO SIDE • RNA HAS U (URACIL) REPLACING T (THYMINE) • RNA HAS A, U, G, C • DNA IS A DOUBLE SUGAR, RNA IS A SINGLE SUGAR

30. MATCH DNA WITH ITS COMPLIMENTARY STRAND OF RNA: DNA IS BELOW • A – • T – • G – • C – • C – • A – • A – • T -

31. TERMS FOR MAKING DNA AND RNA • REPLICATION – DNA MAKES DNA • TRANSCRIPTION – RNA IS MADE FROM DNA. MESSENGER RNA IS MADE FROM DNA AND GOES TO THE RIBOSOME TO MAKE PROTEIN • TRANSLATION – THE MESSENGER RNA ON THE RIBOSOME CODES FOR TRANSFER RNA TO BRING THE AMINO ACID TO THE RIBOSOME

32. CODON – A THREE (3) NITROGEN BASE SEQUENCE TO MAKE A PROTEIN • DNA MAKES RNA: THE DNA (TAC) WILL MAKE WHICH RNA? • THIS MESSENGER RNA WILL THEN MOVE TO THE? • WHAT WILL TRANSFER RNA BRING TO THE RIBOSOME?

33. REMEMBER • DNA CODES FOR PROTEINS. • THE PROTEINS MADE CAN ACT AS ENZYMES. • ENZYMES SPEED UP CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND ARE IMPORTANT FOR CHEMICAL REACTIONS. • WHAT TWO INFLUENCES CAN AFFECT HOW ENZYMES DO THEIR JOBS? • ENZYMES ARE PROTEINS.

34. PUNNETT SQUARE • P.S. SHOW GENETIC RELATIONSHIPS • SHOW DOMINANT AND RECESSIVE GENES • WORK WITH ALLELES (T, t) OR (w, W), ETC. • SHOWS GENOTYPE AND PHENOTYPE RELATIONSHIPS • SHOWS RATIOS

35. TERMS USED WITH PUNNETT SQUARES • HETEROZYGOUS • BOTH ALLELES ARE DIFFERENT SUCH AS Tt OR Ss • HOMOZYGOUS • ALLELES ARE THE SAME SUCH AS TT, tt, SS, ss • BE ABLE TO WORK OUT PUNNETT SQUARES AND INTERPRET PUNNETT SQUARES

36. SEX-LINKED TRAITS • FOUND ON THE SEX CHROMOSOMES • WHAT ARE THE SEX CHROMOSOMES? • WHICH TWO GIVE US A MALE? • WHICH TWO GIVE US A FEMALE? • SEX-LINKED TRAITS ARE RECESSIVE TRAITS • WHO SHOWS MORE SEX-LINKED TRAITS AND WHY?

37. WORK OUT SEX-LINKED COLORBLIND PROBLEM • MOM IS A NORMAL.. DAD IS COLORBLIND. • GIVE THE GENOTYPE AND PHENOTYPE RATIO USING A PUNNETT SQUARE. • WHAT PERCENTAGE OF THE BOYS WILL BE COLORBLIND? • WHAT PERCENTAGE OF THE GIRLS WILL BE COLORBLIND?

38. Another sex linked problem • MOM IS A CARRIER FOR COLORBLINDNESS. DAD IS COLORBLIND. • GIVE THE GENOTYPE AND PHENOTYPE RATIO USING A PUNNETT SQUARE. • WHAT PERCENTAGE OF THE BOYS WILL BE COLORBLIND? • WHAT PERCENTAGE OF THE GIRLS WILL BE COLORBLIND?

39. ECOLOGY • TERMS: • SUCCESSION • PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SUCCESSION. DO YOU KNOW THE DIFFERENCE? • ABIOTIC FACTORS • BIOTIC FACTIONS • DO YOU KNOW THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE TWO? • FOOD WEBS • DO YOU KNOW HOW TO INTERPRET A FOOD WEB?

40. PRODUCERS AND CONSUMERS • DO YOU KNOW THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THOSE TWO WORDS? • GIVE EXAMPLES OF EACH IN A FOOD WEB. • WHAT PROCESS ENABLES PRODUCERS TO MAKE THEIR FOOD?

41. SYMBIOSIS: LIVING TOGETHER RELATIONSHIPS • THREE TYPES OF LIVING TOGETHER RELATIONSHIPS • PARASITE OR PARASITISM • MUTUALISM • COMMENSALISM • DO YOU KNOW THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE 3 OF THOSE? • CAN YOU GIVE EXAMPLES OF EACH? • ANSWERS ARE ON THE NEXT PAGE

42. ANSWERS: • PARASITE – LIVING OFF A HOST AND IT CAUSES HARM TO THE HOST. EXAMPLES, TICKS, FLEAS, TAPEWORMS. • MUTUALISM – BOTH ORGANISMS BENEFIT FROM LIVING TOGETHER. EXAMPLES, HONEY BEES POLLINATE THE FLOWER AND THE FLOWER GIVES THE BEE S FOOD. A SHRIMP CAN CLEAN THE MOUTH OF AN EEL AND THE EEL CAN GIVE THE SHRIMP PROTECTION. • COMMENSALISM – A PILOT FISH SWIMS WITH A GREAT WHITE SHARK. THE PILOT FISH EATS THE LEFTOVERS THAT THE SHARK DOESN’T EAT. THE PILOT FISH GETS A FREE MEAL AND DOES NOTHING TO HELP THE SHARK.