Goal: Acquaint you with the role of modern symmetry concepts in physics

1. Fundamental Symmetries and Interactions4th block, year 2005/2006, Rijksuniversiteit GroningenK. Jungmann, C.J.G. Onderwater, R.G.E. Timmermans, L. Willmann, H.W. WilschutKernfysisch Versneller Instituut, Zernikelaan 25, NL 9747 Groningen(phone 050 363 3600) Goal:Acquaint you with the role of modern symmetry concepts in physics and their connection to forces in nature Fundamental Symmetries & Interactions

2. Structure of Course • 15 dates with 2 hours each -- 1 May to 26 June 2006 • Introduction to a subject area by lecturer • Important contributions from students • Typically 20-40 min short presentations on a topic • Preparation together with one of the docents • Contents important – not outer form (rather good presentation with chalk than glossy powerpoint with errors!) • Discussion of implications among all participants stands central • Evaluation based on presentation and participation Fundamental Symmetries & Interactions

3. Expected result • Understanding of Role of • Symmetries • Interactions • Understand final talk on forefront of such research Fundamental Symmetries & Interactions

4. Topics - Time Schedule (1) Fundamental Symmetries & Interactions

5. Topics - Time Schedule (2) Fundamental Symmetries & Interactions

6. Noether Theorems • Emmy Noether 1915 • energy is conserved, if their form does not depend on time • the momentum is conserved if the laws do not depend on the position • the angular momentum if the laws do not care about the orientation • Relates to Continuous symmetries back Fundamental Symmetries & Interactions

7. Parity, Charge Conjugation, Time Reversal • Discrete Symmetries Fundamental Symmetries & Interactions back

8. P C T matter anti-matter start end time   time mirror image from H.W. Wilschut The World according to Escher anti-particle particle e+ e- Fundamental Symmetries & Interactions back

9. 1956: Lee and Yang • Despite all higher theoretical insigths before: • Parity may not be conserved • Global Symmetries -> Conservation Laws Local Symmetries -> Forces Fundamental Symmetries & Interactions back

10. CP violation • Fitch and Cronin discover CP violation in Kaon decay Fundamental Symmetries & Interactions back

11. H= -(d E+µ B) J/J d - electric dipole moment µ- magnetic dipole mom J - Spin Permanent Electric Dipole Moments Violate Discrete Fundamental Symmetries EDM violates: • Parity • Timereversal • CP- conservation (if CPT conservation assumed) Standard Model values are tiny, hence: An observedEDM would be Sign of New Physics beyond Standard Theory Fundamental Symmetries & Interactions

12. EDM Limits as of summer 2005 Fundamental Symmetries & Interactions back

13. CPT and Lorentz invariance • Relates to particle-antiparticle properties • Spin and statistics • Preferred reference frame in the universe Fundamental Symmetries & Interactions back

14. Standard Model Fundamental Symmetries & Interactions back

15. Fundamental Symmetries & Interactions

16. Fundamental Symmetries & Interactions back

17. Groups and Symmetries • "Group theory is the abstract study of symmetry" Fundamental Symmetries & Interactions back

18. Fundamental constants Fundamental Symmetries & Interactions back

19. Time Variation of a Idea (Webb, Flambaum et al.): Relativistic Corrections to atomic level energies DErel  Za2[(j+1/2)-1 -C(j,l)] i.e. > 0 or < 0, depending on atom and state  Need best possible 187Re lifetime to exploit Re/Os ratio on meteorites Fundamental Symmetries & Interactions back

20. Very Recent Paper Fundamental Symmetries & Interactions back

21. × m m - l = + a × r / 1 2 V ( r ) G ( 1 e ) r Standing Waves of Ultra Cold Neutrons in a gravitational field Fundamental Symmetries & Interactions back

22. Extensions to the Standard Model • Observations well explained in SM • Deeper understanding lacking • Number of particle generations • Fermion masses • One unit of electric charge • One force only ? • Supersymmetry, LeftRight Symmetry, Technicolor Fundamental Symmetries & Interactions back

23. Muon g-2 Tests of Standard Model Extensions • Direct Searches • LHC, Linear collider,… • Precision Experiments Fundamental Symmetries & Interactions back

24. Viable Future : 1011 – 1012m/sec pulsed p/m < 10-18 from Y. Kuno Lepton (Flavor) Numbers • A Conservation global symmetry without associated symmetry has no status in physics. Fundamental Symmetries & Interactions back

25. CUORICINO Neutrinoless Double b-Decay (A,Z)  (A,Z+2) + 2e- 1/T 1/2 = G0n (E0,Z) | MGT + (gV/gA)2 ·MF|2<mn>2 • confirmation of Heidelberg-Moscow • needed • independent experiment(s) with different • technologies required • need nuclear matrix elements Fundamental Symmetries & Interactions back

26. New interactions in Beta Decay • Weak interaction in the SM is V-A • Other interactions (T,P,S) can be excluded or found only by experiment • In Groningen TRImP to investigate this Fundamental Symmetries & Interactions back

27. Vector [Tensor] Scalar [Axial vector] b+ ne b+ ne New Interactions in Nuclear and Muon b-Decay In Standard Model: Weak Interaction is V-A In general b-decay could be also S , P, T • nuclear b-decays, Experiments in Traps • muon decays, Michel parameters Fundamental Symmetries & Interactions back

28. The FINAL Fundamental Symmetries & Interactions back