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LOCALISATION OF THE CASE STUDY

EVOLUTION OF IRRIGATION AND IMPACT ON THE COMMUNITIES OF TAFILALET OASIS (ERRACHIDIA, SOUTH EASTERN MOROCCO) International Conference WASAMED BARI, ITALIE, FEV. 2007 L.KABIRI*, P. MINOIA**, M. CAMUFFO**ET R. BORGHI**. LOCALISATION OF THE CASE STUDY. Domaine rifain.

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LOCALISATION OF THE CASE STUDY

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  1. EVOLUTION OF IRRIGATION AND IMPACT ON THE COMMUNITIES OF TAFILALET OASIS (ERRACHIDIA, SOUTH EASTERN MOROCCO) International Conference WASAMED BARI, ITALIE, FEV. 2007 L.KABIRI*, P. MINOIA**, M. CAMUFFO**ET R. BORGHI**

  2. LOCALISATION OF THE CASE STUDY

  3. Domaine rifain Domaine atlasique et mesetien Study area Domaine anti Atlasique et.. Structural frame of Morocco and localisation of the case study

  4. Detail of the regional geological features

  5. Localisation of the water basins

  6. 60.000 Km² (9 % of national space ) 0.81 millions inhabitants (2.7% of Maroc) Overlapping 3 economical regions 4 provinces 70 rural communes 9 municipalities 22 ONEP centres 1395 localities SITUATION AND DELIMITATION OF THE BASINS

  7. CLIMATE • Climate: arid becoming Saharian towards South caracterised by inter and intra-annual irregularity. • The extreme temperatures vary between winter freezing within the basins upstreams and a maximal average in july of 41 °C. The yearly average temperature is 20 °C with variations between 16 ° ande 23°C. • Average evaporation varies between 2678 mm upstream (Rheris) and 5342 mm to the South (Taouz, Ziz) with an average over the totality of the watersheds of 3460 mm. • Average pluviometry in the basin : 200 mm in the High Atlas reaching 50 mm in the Southern zone (Anti-Atlas and Tafilalet)

  8. Freshwater resources • Water amounts are in average581 millions Mm3 (3.4% of the national amounts). • Great inter-annual variability caracterised by considerable differences between the law and the aluvional water periods. The natural perennial flow are weak sometimes non-existing.

  9. Groundwater (Ziz, Tarda et Ferkla) Section along the oued Ziz Section along the Tarda oued Section along the oued Ferkla

  10. Resources and extractions -Number of water tables: 16 -Exploitable resources: 313 Mm3/per year, 8 % of national resources -current exploited volumes estimated at 220 Mm3/year Haut Ziz-Rheris(Jurassique and quaternaire) extracted: 63.1 Mm3 Haut Guir(Jurassique and quaternaire) extracted: 11 Mm3 Moyen et Bas Guir (Crétacé et Quaternaire) Extracted : 16.8 Mm3 Moyen Rheris (Infrac and quaternaire) extracted : 13.5 Mm3 Moyen Ziz (Crétacé and quaternaire) extracted : 48.4 Mm3 Maider (Quaternaire and Primaire) extracted : 22.6 Mm3 Bas Rheris (Quaternaire and Primaire) extracted : 21.5 Mm3 Bas Ziz (Quaternaire and Primaire) extracted: 23.4 Mm3

  11. State of freshwater quality 22 % of measured points overpass the rules required for NH4+ The whole urban pollution contaminates the water corses downstream the centres

  12. Water consumptions 0 Mm3 14Mm3 14 Mm3 558Mm3 352 Mm3 206 Mm3

  13. Main issues: weak efficiency • Retard d’équipement des périmètres dominés par les barrages : 2639 ha • Efficience relativement faible du réseau et du système d’irrigattion (75 %) : manque à gagner :51 Mm3/an • Efficience des adducteurs :70 % à 80 % , soit une perte de 146.8 Mm3/an(moyenne) • Soit une perte totale de 179 Mm3/an sur 558 Mm3/an régularisé pour l’irrigation (32 %)  AEP: * rendement : 60% * perte d’eau = 5.6 Mm3/an

  14. Traditional systems for water management in oasis Some examples

  15. Tanast (water watch)

  16. Oughrour

  17. Khettarat Khettarats

  18. Collective pumping stations at Ferkla (1952-1954)

  19. Extension of irrigation areas in Ferkla oasis in the decade 1988/89-1998/99

  20. Regression of date palm numbers at Ferkla

  21. Main issue: decreasing and overexploited water resources TINEJDADwater table • Conséquences • Intrusion of saline waters in groundwater tables • Degradation of sources •  Difficult relations between AEP-rural and irrigation services (PMH) •  Increase of pumping costs DAYET MAIDER water table

  22. Meski Water amounts at the Hassan Addakhil dam  1939-1971 : 199 Mm3  1939-2005 : 146 Mm3 (-24%)  1971-2005 : 103 Mm3 (-87%)

  23. State of date Palms

  24. State of olive trees

  25. Civil society reaction: active associationsRecently introduced solutions inJorf • geo-membrane basins from khettarat to collect waters for oasis agriculture (cooperation IFAD-ORMVAT-local NGO)

  26. Jorf: Drip irrigation

  27. Merci pour votre attention

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