Maja Žumer University of Ljubljana

1. Some outcomes of the CRM/FRBR harmonization: the definition of manifestation and a review of attributes Maja Žumer University of Ljubljana

2. FRBR/CRM harmonization Will be discussed in detail by Patrick Le Boeuf on Wednesday A working group discussing (possible) convergence of FRBR (E-R model of the library community) and CIDOC CRM (O-O model of the museum community) FRBR workshop May 2, 2005

3. Expressing FRBR as O-O • Re-examination of entities • Review of attributes FRBR workshop May 2, 2005

4. In this presentation • manifestation • attributes FRBR workshop May 2, 2005

5. Manifestation in FRBR The physical embodiment of an expression of a work “When a work is realized, the resulting expression of the work may be physically embodied on or in a medium such as paper, audio tape, video tape, canvas, plaster, etc.” FRBR workshop May 2, 2005

6. What makes a new manifestation • Changes in physical form • Display characteristics (typeface, layout) • Changes in physical medium (paper to microfilm) • Changes in the container (casette to cartridge) • Changes in production process • Publication, marketing (change in publisher, repackaging) But: Changes that affect the intellectual or artictic content result in a new manifestation embodying a new expression of the work FRBR workshop May 2, 2005

7. “Dual nature” of manifestation • A single physical exemplar • Multiple copies for public dissemination or distribution • Formal production process • Limited number of copies for private study or preservation FRBR workshop May 2, 2005

8. Single exemplar • “In some cases there may be only a single physical exemplar produced of that manifestation of the work (an author’s manuscript, a tape recorded for an oral history archive, an original oil painting, etc.)” Physical object FRBR workshop May 2, 2005

9. Multiple copies “Whether the scope of production is broad or limited, the SET of copies produced in each case constitutes a manifestation.” A set is an abstract notion FRBR workshop May 2, 2005

10. Proposal Both ‘types’ of manifestation are not equal, so we need two distinct entities: • Single exemplar (manifestation sigleton) • A set of exemplars (manifestation product type) They are different by nature and have different attributes, different relationships FRBR workshop May 2, 2005

11. Attributes in FRBR Derived from analysis of data typically reflected in bibliographic records The principal sources: • ISBDs • Guidelines for Authority and Reference Entries (GARE) • Guidelines for Subject Authority and Reference Entries (GSARE) • UNIMARC Manual FRBR workshop May 2, 2005

12. ... Comprehensive but not exhaustive Attributes defined at logical level (as viewed by a user, rather than specific data elements defined by catalogers): • Individual data elements • Aggregate of discrete data elements (e.g. title of manifastation) FRBR workshop May 2, 2005

13. Issue no. 1 Attributes were defined from existing practice and mapped to user functions later. Are some attributes missing? Shouldn’t attributes be defined from the analysis of functions and entities? Are electronic resources appropriately dealt with? FRBR workshop May 2, 2005

14. FRBR/CRM analysis • There are (too) many attributes for each entity • Create a superclass • Split into more classes • Some attributes are not assigned to appropriate entities FRBR workshop May 2, 2005

15. Examples • original language of the work • medium of performance (musical work) • revisability of expression • extensibility of expression FRBR workshop May 2, 2005

16. Proposal A review of attributes • Based on user functions and specific needs within functions • Include electronic resources FRBR workshop May 2, 2005