Unit 11 – Adjusting the Books

1. Unit 11 – Adjusting the Books

2. Introducing Adjustments • Not enough – (Debits = Credits) • They must also be accurate. • Many transactions begin in one accounting period, but continue to have an effect for several more accounting periods. • Adjustments: are accounting changes recorded to ensure that all account balances are correct. • Purpose: to ensure that the financial statements are accurate. • Ex: Employees who work overtime or earn bonuses (not recorded by end of fiscal period) • Expenses will be too low (Salaries Expense does not include overtime) • Liabilities will be incorrect (debt owing to workers – Salaries Payable will not be shown on the balance sheet)

3. Prepaid Expenses • Are expense payments made in advance. • Assets (rent, insurance, and supplies) • Items of value owned until they are used up or no longer have value. • Example (Supplies) • Assets as long as they are owned and unused. • Once used – no value – asset to an expense. • “Adjusting entries” are recorded when financial statements are prepared to ensure their accuracy. (even though these changes occur on a regular basis) • Conversion of prepaid assets to expenses.

4. Ex: Prepaid Rent • Requirement of office rent of $1700 to be paid in advance for 3 months. (Apr – June) • Rent expense not debited • Account called Prepaid Rent is debited • At the end of April • Prepaid rent (asset valued at $3400) • (1/3 of asset has been used) • This adjusting entry has two effects: • It records Rent Expense of $1700 for April • It decreases Prepaid Rent by $1700

5. If not made: Expenses (too low), Net income (too high), Assets (too high) Ex: Prepaid Rent Adjusting Entry T-Accounts Balance Sheet $3400 Income Statement $1700

6. Ex: Supplies (prepaid expense) • Each working day, small amounts of supplies are used up. (only adjusted before financial statements are prepared) • April 30th – count of all supplies remaining • $600 worth of unused supplies. (original $700)

7. Ex: Supplies Adjusting Entry T-Accounts Balance Sheet $600 Income Statement $100

8. Ex: Prepaid Insurance • April 1st – Insurance policy $720 for one year • Covers fire, theft, and accidental damage to all office furniture and equipment • At the end of April, one month’s insurance has been used and must be recorded as an expense. • The cost of one month’s insurance is (1/12) of $720, or $60.

9. Ex: Prepaid Insurance Adjusting Entry T-Accounts Balance Sheet $660 Income Statement $60

10. Introducing Depreciation • Expense: money spent on things used to produce revenue for a business • Equipment used up in operating the business, its cost becomes an expense of the business. • Ex: Equipment purchased for $12 000 • Estimated shelf life ~ 5 years • After that time, it will be worthless. ($ spent will have been used up) • Loses value each year (not instantly worthless) • A portion of the cost of the equipment is assigned as an expense to each year’s operation. (consistent with the matching principle) • Cost of using fixed assets during an accounting period to produce revenue for that period…therefore shown as an expense on the income statement for that period.

11. Depreciation • Is the allocation of the cost of a fixed asset to the fiscal periods in which it is used. • “Amortization” • Ex: Initial cost of $12 000 spread over 5 years • Depreciation figure of $2400 per year. • Assumes that the equipment is worthless after 5 years and has no scrap value or trade-in value. • The Depreciation of using up of fixed assets is an expense of operating a business and is recorded on the income statement.

12. Ex: Equipment (Depreciation) Adjusting Entry T-Accounts Income Statement $2 400 Balance Sheet $2 400 Balance Sheet $12 000

13. Ex: Equipment (Depreciation)

14. More Depreciation • Method of spreading the cost of a fixed asset over the life of that asset. • Converting cost into an expense • Separate accounts for each group of fixed assets (Buildings, Equipment, Delivery Trucks) • Depreciation Expense account • Accumulated Depreciation account • Assets cannot depreciate past 100%.

15. Why Accumulated Depreciation account? Allows us to monitor two types of info: • Original cost of the equipment • Total amount of depreciation recorded over the years. (instead of simply reducing the value of the equipment account on the balance sheet)

16. Valuation or Contra Accounts • Offsets the value of another account. • Ex: Accumulated Depreciation • Used to arrive at the value of an asset • Has a credit balance (opposite to the normal debit balances found in most asset accounts) • Book value: (Cost of an asset) – (Accumulated Depreciation)

17. Book value continued… • Book value – value according to the books of the company. • Actual value – amount received if the asset is sold • …Depreciation is NOT valuation.

18. Straight – Line Method(Calculating Depreciation) • Allocates the same amount of depreciation to each fiscal period. • Original cost – Salvage value = Total writeoff over the period the item is used.

19. Declining-Balance Method (Fixed Percentage)(Calculating Depreciation) • Allocates a greater amount of depreciation to the first years of an asset’s life. • More realistic • An automobiles depreciation is greatest in its first year. • Each year a fixed percent is charged.

21. Journal Entries – Declining-Balance Method The adjusting entry used for the declining-balance method of depreciation must show a different amount each year.

22. Depreciation & Income Taxes • Income taxes in Canada • Declining-Balance Method is used. • “Capital Cost Allowance” • Maximum rates of depreciation are set by the government. • For each class (buildings, machinery, trucks, etc.) • Rates vary from (4% - 100%) • 4% (Class 1) – bridges and airplane runways • 100% (Classes 12, 23, 25) – tools and dental instruments that cost less than $200.

23. Depreciation & Income Taxes

24. More Depreciation & Taxes • Land is NOT depreciable. (unlimited life) • Business cannot claim capital cost allowance on land. • For income tax purposes, a business does not have to use depreciation expense (capital cost allowance) in a particular year. • Carry over to a year when the company is actually making a profit…help reduce income taxes. • As a result…the amount of depreciation used in a particular year is often determined by the estimated profits or losses and the estimated income tax.

25. Two sets of books • Legal to have separate records of the same business results. • One for themselves • Use straight-line method (feels its best) • One for the government • Use declining-balance method

26. The Principle of Materiality • Requires that information that could affect the decisions of the users of financial statements be included when the financial statements are prepared. • Example: If a balance sheet includes an account receivable that the accountant knows the customer will never be able to pay, that information is material…in other words…it is important info that must be disclosed to the users or readers of the balance sheet.

27. The Principle of Conservatism • Requires that, where there are acceptable alternative accounting treatments for an item, accountants choose the one that will result in lower net income and net assets. • “Applying a conservative philosophy to the accounting process”