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Title. The Chandra X-Ray Observatory: The Past, the Present, and the Future. Wednesday, January 12, 2005. Martin C. Weisskopf. Harvey Tananbaum. First SWG. S O M ANY P EOPLE – THE FIRST SWG. R. Giacconi – Chairman M. Weisskopf – Vice Chairman A. Opp (NASA HQ) – Ex Officio

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  1. Title The Chandra X-Ray Observatory: The Past, the Present, and the Future Wednesday, January 12, 2005 • Martin C. Weisskopf • Harvey Tananbaum

  2. First SWG SO MANY PEOPLE – THE FIRST SWG • R. Giacconi – Chairman • M. Weisskopf – Vice Chairman • A. Opp (NASA HQ) – Ex Officio • E. Boldt (GSFC) S. Bowyer (UCB) • G. Clark (MIT) A. Davidsen (JHU) • G. Garmire (CIT) B. Kraushaar (Wisc) • R. Novick (Columbia) S. Shulman (NRL) • H. Tananbaum (SAO) A. Walker (Stanford) • K. Pounds (Leicester) J. Truemper (MPE)

  3. Second SWG SO MANY PEOPLE

  4. Beginning THE FORMAL BEGINNING - 1976

  5. Beginning THE REAL BEGINNING - 1963

  6. Optics THE OPTICS TMA 1 (1985) & 2 (1989) VETA (1991)

  7. Optics THE OPTICS – FLIGHT SYSTEM

  8. Optics THE OPTICS

  9. Launch LAUNCH • Mon/Tue July 19/20 • Sensor spike - hydrogen in the engine compartment • Wed/Thurs July21/22 • Lightning in the vicinity • Thurs/Fri July22/23 • Launch!

  10. First Light FIRST LIGHT

  11. Cas A (2) CASSIOPEIA A Hwang et al. 2004 Tananbaum et al. 1999

  12. Leon X1 THE REAL FIRST LIGHT - “LEON X-1” Weisskopf et al. 2005

  13. Solar System SOLAR SYSTEM OBJECTS Jupiter & its moons Gladstone et al. 2002 Elsner et al. 2002 Earth’s Moon Optical: Gendler; X-ray: J.Drake et al.

  14. 30 Doradus 30 DORADUS 19’ B. Brandl, L. Townsley, et al. 2005

  15. Crab Movie CRAB NEBULA Weisskopf et al. 2000; Hester et al. 2002

  16. Vela Pulsar VELA PULSAR Pavlov et al. 2003

  17. RX J1856 THE PUZZLING CASEOF RX J1856.5-3754 Burwitz et al. 2003

  18. Circinus X1 CIRCINUS X-1 Brandt & Schulz 2000; Schulz & Brandt 2002

  19. X-ray Binaries VELA X-1 M.Sako

  20. X-ray Binaries SS 433 6.5’’ Marshall, Canizares, and Schulz 2002, Migliari et al. 2002, Lopez et al. 2005

  21. Globular Clusters GLOBULAR CLUSTERS – 47TUC 2.5’ Heinke et al. 2005

  22. Galactic Ctr -1- GALACTIC CENTER -1- 48’ Wang et al. 2002

  23. Galactic Ctr -HT- GALACTIC CENTER -zoom in- 8.4’ Baganoff et al. 2003

  24. HRC Image of Nuclear Region of M31 HRCIMAGE OF NUCLEAR REGION OF M31 Garcia et al. 2004

  25. NGC 4631 & NGC 4697 SPIRAL & ELLIPTICAL GALAXIES NGC 4631 NGC 4697 D. Wang et al. 2001 Sarazin et al. 2002

  26. Antennae THEANTENNAE Red = Fe Green = Mg Blue = Si Fabbiano et al. 2004

  27. NGC 6240 NGC 6240 Komossa et al. 2002

  28. NGC 6240 Spectra NGC 6240 Komossa et al. 2002

  29. NGC 6240 Movie NGC 6240

  30. Jets JETS M87 GB 1508+5714 Jet at Redshift 4.3 Forman et al. 2004 Siemiginowska et al. 2003

  31. CDFN CHANDRA DEEP FIELD NORTH Brandt, Garmire et al. 2003

  32. Optical-X-ray Brightness for CDF Sources Optical-X-ray Brightness for Chandra Deep Field Sources Brandt & Hasinger 2004

  33. Optical-X-ray Brightness for CDF Sources Optical-X-ray Brightness for ChaMP Sources Silverman et al. 2004

  34. Chandra (and XMM) View of AGNs CHANDRA(and XMM-Newton) View of AGNs • Black Hole finding machines: x-rays pass through gas and dust - Brandt & Hasinger, Barger et al, Silverman et al, & others • AGN sky density ~ 7000 per sq deg for CDFs • Faint x-ray sources diverse - BLAGN, NELG, ALG • No longer simply Type 1 = broad lines, blue colors, & unobscured Type 2 = narrow lines, red colors, & obscured - Some BLAGN show x-ray absorption - Some NELG and red BLAGN (2MASS) not absorbed - Optically dull galaxies (Elvis 1981) reincarnated as XBONGs, with no hint from opt lines & colors. Lx as high as 1044 - More absorbed objects (1023-1024) detectable above 5 keV?

  35. Chandra (and XMM) View of AGNs -2- CHANDRA(and XMM-Newton) View of AGNs • SMBH grow in "anti-hierarchical" way a Most massive (107.5 - 109 Mo) form early and feed often - More frequent mergers and more gas available at high z - High luminosity, BLAGN, & numbers peak at z ~2.5 ] More moderate (106 - 107.5 Mo) form later and grow more slowly - Less luminous (~100x) & numbers peak at z ~1 • Relevant factors ] History of host galaxy, growth of SMBH, & gas supply ] (In)efficiency of radiation processes – impact on MBH from Lx] Roles of jets as well as accretion disk ] Presence of obscuring torus and viewing geometry

  36. Chandra (and XMM) View of AGNs -3- CHANDRA(and XMM-Newton) View of AGNs • Relativistically broadened Fe lines (XMM - Streblyanska et al.) ] Detected in summed spectra for both BLAGN and NELG ] Average abundances 3 times solar ] Analyze infalling gas and track black hole spin versus z

  37. MKN421 SEARCHINGFOR MISSINGBARYONSIN THEWHIM Mkn 421 Nicastro et al. 2004

  38. MS 0735.6+7421 MS 0735.6+7421 McNamara et al. 2005

  39. Dark Matter and Dark Energy CHANDRA OBSERVATIONSOF CLUSTERSTO STUDY DARK MATTER & DARK ENERGY z=0.31 z=0.78 z=0.08 Allen et al. 2004

  40. Ratio of Baryonic to Dark Matter vs Redshift RATIOOF BARYONICTO DARK MATTERVS REDSHIFT SCDM Cosmology CDM Cosmology V Allen et al. 2004

  41. Dark Matter and Dark Energy Parameters DARKMATTER&DARKENERGYPARAMETERS Allen et al. 2004

  42. X-ray Astronomy Roadmap X-RAYASTRONOMYROADMAP MAXIM 10 Million times finer imaging MAXIM Black Hole Event horizon Chandra Constellation-X 0.1-1.0 m2 0.1 micro arc sec 20-100 times increased sensitivity for spectroscopy XMM-Newton Astro-E2 First Clusters of Galaxies Generation-X 3 m2 5-15 arc sec 1000 times deeper X-ray imaging 0.1-0.35 m2 0.5-90 arc sec Constellation-X endorsed by NAS McKee-Taylor Survey & Q2C report as high priority mission for this decade 50-150 m2 0.1-1 arc sec First Black Holes & Galaxies

  43. Closing Slide

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