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Myers’ EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (4th Ed)

Myers’ EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (4th Ed). Chapter 5 States of Consciousness James A. McCubbin, PhD Clemson University Worth Publishers. States of Consciousness. Consciousness our awareness of ourselves and our environment Selective Attention

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Myers’ EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (4th Ed)

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  1. Myers’ EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (4th Ed) Chapter 5 States of Consciousness James A. McCubbin, PhD Clemson University Worth Publishers

  2. States of Consciousness • Consciousness • our awareness of ourselves and our environment • Selective Attention • the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus • cocktail party effect

  3. Sleep and Dreams • Fantasy Prone Personality • imagines and recalls experiences with lifelike vividness • spends considerable time fantasizing • Circadian rhythm • the biological clock • cyclical bodily rhythms • wakefulness • body temperature

  4. Sleep and Dreams • REM (Rapid Eye Movement) Sleep • recurring sleep stage • vivid dreams commonly occur • also know as paradoxical sleep • muscles are generally relaxed, but other body systems are active

  5. Brain Waves and Sleep Stages • Alpha Waves • slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state • Delta Waves • large, slow waves of deep sleep • Hallucinations • false sensory experiences

  6. Awake Sleep stages 1 2 3 REM 4 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Hours of sleep Typical Nightly Sleep Stages

  7. Minutes of Stage 4 and REM Decreasing Stage 4 25 20 15 Increasing REM 10 5 0 1 2 5 6 7 8 3 4 Hours of sleep Typical Nightly Sleep Stages

  8. Sleep Deprivation • Effects of Sleep Loss • fatigue • impaired concentration • immune suppression • irritability • slowed performance • accidents • planes • autos and trucks

  9. Accident frequency More sleep, fewer accidents Less sleep, more accidents 2,800 2,700 4,200 2,600 4000 2,500 3,800 2,400 3,600 Spring time change (hour sleep loss) Fall time change (hour sleep gained) Monday after time change Monday before time change Sleep Deprivation

  10. Sleep Disorders • Insomnia • persistent problems in falling or staying asleep • Narcolepsy • uncontrollable sleep attacks • sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inappropriate times

  11. Sleep Disorders • Sleep Apnea • characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and consequent momentary reawakenings • Night Terrors • high arousal- appearance of being terrified • usually in Stage 4, within 2-3 hours of falling asleep

  12. Dreams- Freud • Sigmund Freud- The Interpretation of Dreams (1900) • dreams viewed as wish fulfillment • discharge otherwise unacceptable feelings • Manifest Content • remembered story line of a dream • Latent Content • underlying, censored meaning of a dream

  13. Dreams • Information Processing View of Dreams • the notion that dreams help consolidate the day’s memories • stimulates neural development • REM Rebound • tendency for REM sleep increases following REM sleep deprivation

  14. Hypnosis • Hypnosis • a social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts or behaviors will spontaneously occur

  15. Hypnosis • Posthypnotic Amnesia • supposed inability to recall what one experienced during hypnosis • induced by the hypnotist’s suggestion

  16. Hypnosis and Recall • Memory • sometimes a relaxed, focused state can improve recall • “hypnotically refreshed” memories are unreliable • false memories or pseudomemories can be implanted • intentionally • unintentionally

  17. Hypnosis • Unhypnotized persons can also do this

  18. Hypnosis • Orne & Evans (1965) • control group instructed to “pretend” • unhypnotized subjects performed the same acts as the hypnotized ones • Posthypnotic Suggestion • suggestion to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized • used by some clinicians to control undesired symptoms and behaviors

  19. Hypnosis and Pain • Dissociation • a split in consciousness • allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others • Hidden Observer • Hilgard’s term describing a hypnotized subject’s awareness of experiences, such as pain, that go unreported during hypnosis

  20. In some way attention is being diverted from a very aversive stimulus. How? Divided-consciousness theory: hypnosis has caused a split in awareness Social influence theory: The subject is so caught up in the hypnotized Role that she can Ignore the odor Hypnosis • Divided Consciousness or Social Phenomenon?

  21. Drugs and Consciousness • Psychoactive Drug • a chemical substance that alters perceptions and alters mood • Physical Dependence • a physiological need for a drug • marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms • Psychological Dependence • a psychological need to use a drug • for example, to relieve negative emotions

  22. Drug effect Response to first exposure After repeated exposure, more drug is needed to produce same effect Drug dose Drug Tolerance • Tolerance • diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug • Withdrawal • discomfort and distress that follow discontinued use of an addictive drug

  23. Psychoactive Drugs • Depressants • drugs that reduce neural activity and slow body functions • alcohol, barbiturates, opiates • Stimulants • drugs that excite neural activity and speed up body functions • caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines

  24. Psychoactive Drugs • Hallucinogens • psychedelic (mind-manifesting) drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input • LSD

  25. Psychoactive Drugs • Barbiturates • drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgement

  26. Psychoactive Drugs • Opiates • opium and its derivatives (morphine and heroin) • depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety

  27. Psychoactive Drugs • Amphetamines • drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing accelerated body functions and associated energy and mood changes

  28. Psychoactive Drugs • LSD • lysergic acid diethylamide • a powerful hallucinogenic drug also known as acid • THC • the major active ingredient in marijuana • triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations

  29. A Guide to Selected Psychoactive Drugs Drug Type Pleasurable Effects Adverse Effects Alcohol Depressant Initial high followed by Depression, memory loss, relaxation and disinhibition organ damage, impaired reactions Heroin Depressant Rush of euphoria, relief Depressed physiology, from pain Agonizing withdrawal Cocaine Stimulant Rush of euphoria, Cardiovascular stress, confidence, energy suspiciousness, depressive crash Nicotine Stimulant Arouses and relaxes, sense Heart disease, cancer of well-being (from tars) Marijuana Mild Enhances sensation, Lowered sex hormones, hallucinogen relieves pain, distorts time, disrupted memory, lung relaxed high damage Psychoactive Drugs

  30. Percentage of high school seniors reporting use 80 70 60 50 Alcohol 40 30 Marijuana/ hashish 20 10 0 Cocaine ‘76 ‘78 ‘80 ‘82 ‘84 ‘86 ‘88 ‘90 ‘92 ‘94 ‘96 Year Trends in Drug Use

  31. Near Death Experiences • Near Death Experience • an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death • often similar to drug-induced hallucinations

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