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Java basics

Java basics. Chapter 2 Spring 2005 CS 101 Aaron Bloomfield. DisplayForecast.java. // Authors: J. P. Cohoon and J. W. Davidson // Purpose: display a quotation in a console window public class DisplayForecast { // method main(): application entry point

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Java basics

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  1. Java basics Chapter 2 Spring 2005 CS 101 Aaron Bloomfield

  2. DisplayForecast.java // Authors: J. P. Cohoon and J. W. Davidson // Purpose: display a quotation in a console window public class DisplayForecast { // method main(): application entry point public static void main(String[] args) { System.out.print("I think there is a world market for"); System.out.println(" maybe five computers."); System.out.println(" Thomas Watson, IBM, 1943."); } } // Authors: J. P. Cohoon and J. W. Davidson // Purpose: display a quotation in a console window public class DisplayForecast { // method main(): application entry point public static void main(String[] args) { System.out.print("I think there is a world market for"); System.out.println(" maybe five computers."); System.out.println(" Thomas Watson, IBM, 1943."); } } // Authors: J. P. Cohoon and J. W. Davidson // Purpose: display a quotation in a console window public class DisplayForecast { // method main(): application entry point public static void main(String[] args) { System.out.print("I think there is a world market for"); System.out.println(" maybe five computers."); System.out.println(" Thomas Watson, IBM, 1943."); } } // Authors: J. P. Cohoon and J. W. Davidson // Purpose: display a quotation in a console window public class DisplayForecast { // method main(): application entry point public static void main(String[] args) { System.out.print("I think there is a world market for"); System.out.println(" maybe five computers."); System.out.println(" Thomas Watson, IBM, 1943."); } } // Authors: J. P. Cohoon and J. W. Davidson // Purpose: display a quotation in a console window public class DisplayForecast { // method main(): application entry point public static void main(String[] args) { System.out.print("I think there is a world market for"); System.out.println(" maybe five computers."); System.out.println(" Thomas Watson, IBM, 1943."); } } // Authors: J. P. Cohoon and J. W. Davidson // Purpose: display a quotation in a console window public class DisplayForecast { // method main(): application entry point public static void main(String[] args) { System.out.print("I think there is a world market for"); System.out.println(" maybe five computers."); System.out.println(" Thomas Watson, IBM, 1943."); } } // Authors: J. P. Cohoon and J. W. Davidson // Purpose: display a quotation in a console window public class DisplayForecast { // method main(): application entry point public static void main(String[] args) { System.out.print("I think there is a world market for"); System.out.println(" maybe five computers."); System.out.println(" Thomas Watson, IBM, 1943."); } } // Authors: J. P. Cohoon and J. W. Davidson // Purpose: display a quotation in a console window public class DisplayForecast { // method main(): application entry point public static void main(String[] args) { System.out.print("I think there is a world market for"); System.out.println(" maybe five computers."); System.out.println(" Thomas Watson, IBM, 1943."); } } // Authors: J. P. Cohoon and J. W. Davidson // Purpose: display a quotation in a console window public class DisplayForecast { // method main(): application entry point public static void main(String[] args) { System.out.print("I think there is a world market for"); System.out.println(" maybe five computers."); System.out.println(" Thomas Watson, IBM, 1943."); } } // Authors: J. P. Cohoon and J. W. Davidson // Purpose: display a quotation in a console window public class DisplayForecast { // method main(): application entry point public static void main(String[] args) { System.out.print("I think there is a world market for"); System.out.println(" maybe five computers."); System.out.println(" Thomas Watson, IBM, 1943."); } } // Authors: J. P. Cohoon and J. W. Davidson // Purpose: display a quotation in a console window public class DisplayForecast { // method main(): application entry point public static void main(String[] args) { System.out.print("I think there is a world market for"); System.out.println(" maybe five computers."); System.out.println(" Thomas Watson, IBM, 1943."); } } // Authors: J. P. Cohoon and J. W. Davidson // Purpose: display a quotation in a console window public class DisplayForecast { // method main(): application entry point public static void main(String[] args) { System.out.print("I think there is a world market for"); System.out.println(" maybe five computers."); System.out.println(" Thomas Watson, IBM, 1943."); } } Three comments A class like a method must have a name Three statements make up the action of method main() Method main() is part of class DisplayForecast A class like a method must have a name A class defines an object form. An object can have methods and attributes Keyword class indicates a class definition follows We will discuss static and void later Java allows a statement to be made up of multiple lines of text Semicolons delimit one statement from the next // indicates rest of the line is a comment Comments are used to document authors, purpose, and program elements public, static, and void are keywords. They cannot be used as names public means the method is shareable Programs are read by people – make sure they are readable. Use whitespace, comments, and indentation to aidunderstanding A method is a named piece of code that performs some action or implements a behavior An application program is required to have a public static void method named main().

  3. Indentation // Authors: J. P. Cohoon and J. W. Davidson // Purpose: display a quotation in a console window public class DisplayForecast { // method main(): application entry point public static void main(String[] args) { System.out.print("I think there is a world market for"); System.out.println(" maybe five computers."); System.out.println(" Thomas Watson, IBM, 1943."); } } Method main() is part of DisplayForecast Statements are part of method main() Indentation indicates subcomponents

  4. Good whitespacing // Authors: J. P. Cohoon and J. W. Davidson // Purpose: display a quotation in a console window public class DisplayForecast { // method main(): application entry point public static void main(String[] args) { System.out.print("I think there is a world market for"); System.out.println(" maybe five computers."); System.out.println(" Thomas Watson, IBM, 1943."); } } Whitespace Whitespace separates program elements Whitespace between program elements is ignored by Java

  5. Bad whitespacing • The same program without any whitespacing or comments: public class DisplayForecast2 { public static void main (String[] args) { System.out.print("I think there is a world market for"); System.out.println(" maybe five computers."); System.out.println(" Thomas Watson, IBM, 1943."); } }

  6. A whitespacing aside: IOCCC • The International Obfuscated C Code Contest • Online at http://www.ioccc.org • C has very terse syntax • So the contest tries to make it terser! • One common method is by modifying the whitespace

  7. X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X XX X X XX X X XXX X XXXXXXXXX X XXX X X XXX X XXXX XXXX X XXX X X XXXX X XX ainma(){ archa XX X XXXX X X XXXX X oink[9],*igpa, X XXXX X X XXXXXX atinla=etcharga(),iocccwa XXXXXX X X XXXX ,apca='A',owla='a',umna=26 XXXX X X XXX ; orfa(; (atinla+1)&&(!((( XXX X X XX atinla-apca)*(apca+umna-atinla) XX X X X >=0)+((atinla-owla)*(owla+umna- X X X atinla)>=0))); utcharpa(atinla), X X X atinla=etcharga()); orfa(; atinla+1; X X X X ){ orfa( igpa=oink ,iocccwa=( X X X X (atinla- XXX apca)*( XXX apca+umna- X X X atinla)>=0) XXX XXX ; (((( X X atinla-apca XXXXX XXXXXXX XXXXX )*(apca+ X X umna-atinla XXXXXX )>=0) XXXXXX +((atinla- X X owla)*(owla+ XXXX umna- XXXX atinla)>=0)) X X &&"-Pig-" XX "Lat-in" XX "COb-fus" X X "ca-tion!!"[ X (((atinla- X apca)*(apca+ X X umna-atinla) X >=0)?atinla- X apca+owla: X X atinla)-owla X ]-'-')||((igpa== X oink)&&!(*( X X igpa++)='w') X )||! X (*( X igpa X ++)=owla); * X X (igpa++)=(( X ( XXX XXX X atinla-apca X X )*(apca+ X umna XXX - XXX X atinla)>=0) X X ?atinla- X apca XXX + XXX owla X :atinla), X X atinla= X X X X etcharga()) X X ; orfa( X atinla=iocccwa?(( X (atinla- X X owla)*(owla+ X umna-atinla)>=0 X )?atinla- X X owla+apca: X atinla): X atinla; ((( X X atinla-apca)* X (apca+umna- X atinla)>=0)+( X X (atinla-owla)* X (owla+ X umna-atinla)>= X X 0)); utcharpa( XX XX atinla),atinla X X =etcharga()); XXXXXXX orfa(*igpa=0, X X igpa=oink; * igpa; utcharpa( X X *(igpa++))); orfa(; (atinla+1)&&(!((( X X atinla-apca )*(apca+ X X umna- XXXXX XXXXX atinla)>=0 X X )+(( XXXXX atinla- X XX owla)*( owla+umna- XX XX atinla)>=0))); utcharpa XX XX (atinla),atinla= XX XX etcharga()); } XX XXXX } XXXX XXXXXXXXX A whitespacing aside: IOCCC a(X){/*/X=- a(X){/*/X=- -1;F;X=- -1;F;X=- -1;F;}/*/ -1;F;}/*/ char*z[]={"char*z[]={","a(X){/*/X=-","-1;F;X=-","-1;F;}/*/","9999999999 :-| ", "int q,i,j,k,X,O=0,H;S(x)int*x;{X+=X;O+=O;*x+1?*x+2||X++:O++;*x=1;}L(n){for(*", "z[i=1]=n+97;i<4;i++)M(256),s(i),M(128),s(i),M(64),N;X*=8;O*=8;}s(R){char*r=z", "[R];for(q&&Q;*r;)P(*r++);q&&(Q,P(44));}M(m){P(9);i-2||P(X&m?88:O&m?48:32);P(", "9);}y(A){for(j=8;j;)~A&w[--j]||(q=0);}e(W,Z){for(i-=i*q;i<9&&q;)y(W|(1<<i++&", "~Z));}R(){for(k=J[*J-48]-40;k;)e(w[k--],X|O);}main(u,v)char**v;{a(q=1);b(1);", "c(1);*J=--u?O?*J:*v[1]:53;X|=u<<57-*v[u];y(X);K=40+q;q?e(O,X),q&&(K='|'),e(X", ",O),R(),O|=1<<--i:J[*J-48+(X=O=0)]--;L(q=0);for(s(i=0);q=i<12;)s(i++),i>4&&N", ";s(q=12);P(48);P('}');P(59);N;q=0;L(1);for(i=5;i<13;)s(i++),N;L(2);}",0}; b(X){/*/X=- b(X){/*/X=- -1;F;X=- -1;F;X=- -1;F;}/*/ -1;F;}/*/ int q,i,j,k,X,O=0,H;S(x)int*x;{X+=X;O+=O;*x+1?*x+2||X++:O++;*x=1;}L(n){for(* z[i=1]=n+97;i<4;i++)M(256),s(i),M(128),s(i),M(64),N;X*=8;O*=8;}s(R){char*r=z [R];for(q&&Q;*r;)P(*r++);q&&(Q,P(44));}M(m){P(9);i-2||P(X&m?88:O&m?48:32);P( 9);}y(A){for(j=8;j;)~A&w[--j]||(q=0);}e(W,Z){for(i-=i*q;i<9&&q;)y(W|(1<<i++& ~Z));}R(){for(k=J[*J-48]-40;k;)e(w[k--],X|O);}main(u,v)char**v;{a(q=1);b(1); c(1);*J=--u?O?*J:*v[1]:53;X|=u<<57-*v[u];y(X);K=40+q;q?e(O,X),q&&(K='|'),e(X ,O),R(),O|=1<<--i:J[*J-48+(X=O=0)]--;L(q=0);for(s(i=0);q=i<12;)s(i++),i>4&&N ;s(q=12);P(48);P('}');P(59);N;q=0;L(1);for(i=5;i<13;)s(i++),N;L(2);} c(X){/*/X=- c(X){/*/X=- -1;F;X=- -1;F;X=- -1;F;}/*/ -1;F;}/*/ #define X #define XX #define XXX #define XXXX #define XXXXX #define XXXXXX #define XXXXXXX #define orfa for #define XXXXXXXXX #define archa char #define ainma main #define etcharga getchar #define utcharpa putchar #define _ -F<00||--F-OO--; int F=00,OO=00;main(){F_OO();printf("%1.3f\n",4.*-F/OO/OO);}F_OO() { _-_-_-_ _-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_ _-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_ _-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_ _-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_ _-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_ _-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_ _-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_ _-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_ _-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_ _-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_ _-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_ _-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_ _-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_ _-_-_-_-_-_-_-_ _-_-_-_ } #include <stdio.h> #define Q r=R[*p++-'0'];while( #define B ;break;case char*s="Qjou!s\\311^-g\\311^-n\\311^-c\\::^-q-ma%mO1JBHm%BQ-aP1J[O1HB%[Q<nbj\ o)*|gps)<<*txjudi)m*|aQdbtf!::::;sfuvso<aQefgbvmu;aQ<m,,a%CQ<csfbla%bQ<aN2!Q\ \ndbtf!aP2Q;m>aP2Q<a%!D12J!JGJHJOJQJFJSJJJMHS%HD12D12N3!N4\nJUJT%UQm>aP4HC%T\ Qs\\q,,^>m,2<m>aP4HC%SD12N1\nJNQm>s\\..q^aHC%NHb%GN1!D32P3%RN1UP1D12JPQUaP1H\ R%PN4\nQ<g\\(aP3Q(^>aP2Q,2<n\\(aP3Q(^>aP4Hb%OD12D12N2!N3\nJVP3Q,,<jg)aP3Q=>n\ \\(aP3Q(^*m>g\\(aP3Q(^<fmtf!m,,aHC%QN1!N1\nJ#Qqsjoug)#&e]o#-aP1Q*aHb%#Qqvut)\ aP1Q*aHb%FN1\nQm>::::aHC%VP3Q>bupj)hfut)c**aHb%JD12JON1!Qjg)a%LN1UP1D12JIQUa\ P1HL%IQ*m>aN2!N2\nP2Q<fmtf!m,,aHC%MN1!N2>P2Q>aN2\nP2Hbdd!b/d";k;char R[4][99] ;main(c,v)char**v;{char*p,*r,*q;for(q=s;*q;q++)*q>' '&&(*q)--;{FILE*i=fopen(v [1],"r"),*o=fopen(q-3,"w");for(p=s;;p++)switch(*p++){B'M':Q(k=fgetc(i))!=EOF &&k!=*p)*r++=k;if(k==EOF){fputs("}}\n",o);fclose(o);return system(q-6);}*r=0 B'P':while(*p!='`')fputc(*p++,o)B'O':Q*r)fputc(*r++,o);p--B'C':k=0;Q k<*p-'0' )(*r++=fgetc(i),k++);*r=0 B'I':k= *p;if(**R==k)goto G B'G':k= *p;G:p=s;while( *p!='$'||p[1]!= k)p++;p++B'N':R[*p-'0'][0]++;}}}

  8. Identifiers • Identifiers are names for variables, classes, etc. • Good ones are compact, but inidicate what they stand for • radius, width, height, length • Bad ones are either too long • theRadiusOfTheCircle • theWidthOfTheBoxThatIsBeingUsed • the_width_of_the_box_that_is_being_used • Or too short • a, b, c, d, e • Good identifiers will help the graders understand your program!

  9. Keywords • Some words are reserved, and can’t be used as identifiers // Authors: J. P. Cohoon and J. W. Davidson // Purpose: display a quotation in a console window public class DisplayForecast { // method main(): application entry point public static void main(String[] args) { System.out.print("I think there is a world market for"); System.out.println(" maybe five computers."); System.out.println(" Thomas Watson, IBM, 1943."); } } // Authors: J. P. Cohoon and J. W. Davidson // Purpose: display a quotation in a console window public class DisplayForecast { // method main(): application entry point public static void main(String[] args) { System.out.print("I think there is a world market for"); System.out.println(" maybe five computers."); System.out.println(" Thomas Watson, IBM, 1943."); } } // Authors: J. P. Cohoon and J. W. Davidson // Purpose: display a quotation in a console window public class DisplayForecast { // method main(): application entry point public static void main(String[] args) { System.out.print("I think there is a world market for"); System.out.println(" maybe five computers."); System.out.println(" Thomas Watson, IBM, 1943."); } }

  10. Capitalization • Case matters! • public ≠ Public ≠ PUBLIC • This is different that FORTRAN and BASIC • This is the same as C/C++ • You can use Public as a identifier • Not recommended, though!

  11. Statements • A statement in Java is (usually) a single line • Example: System.out.println (“Hello world!”); • All statements must end with a semi-colon • That tells Java that the statement is finished

  12. Variables

  13. Defining variables • We’ve seen variables before in math • y = mx + b • Here y, m, x, and b can hold any value • To store things in a computer program, we also use variables • Example: • int x = 5; • This defines an integer variable with value 5 • The variable is x • The type is int

  14. 4.3 d More on variables • An integer variable can only hold integers • In other words, it can’t hold 4.3 • To hold floating point values, we use the double type • double d = 4.3; • The variable is d • The type is double

  15. Primitive variable assignment • Assignment operator = • Allows the variable to be updated • Consider int j = 11; j = 1985; • Assignment operator = • Allows the memory location for a variable to be updated • Consider int j = 11; j = 1985;

  16. Primitive variable assignment • Consider int a = 1; int aSquared = a * a; a = 5; aSquared = a * a; • Consider int i = 0; i = i + 1; • Consider int asaRating; asaRating = 400; int a = 1; int aSquared = a * a; a = 5; aSquared = a * a; int i = 0; i = i + 1; int asaRating; asaRating = 400;

  17. Primitive variable assignment • Consider double x = 5.12; double y = 19.28; double rememberX = x; x = y; y = rememberX; • Consider double x = 5.12; double y = 19.28; double rememberX = x; x = y; y = rememberX; • Consider double x = 5.12; double y = 19.28; double rememberX = x; x = y; y = rememberX; • Consider double x = 5.12; double y = 19.28; double rememberX = x; x = y; y = rememberX; • Consider double x = 5.12; double y = 19.28; double rememberX = x; x = y; y = rememberX; • Consider double x = 5.12; double y = 19.28; double rememberX = x; x = y; y = rememberX;

  18. A bit of humor…

  19. Printing variables • To print a variable to the screen, put it in a System.out.println() statement: • int x = 5; • System.out.println (“The value of x is “ + x); • Important points: • Strings are enclosed in double quotes • If there are multiple parts to be printed, they are separated by a plus sign

  20. public class SolvingABC { public static void main(String[] args) { // variable definitions and initializations int a = 3; int b = 12; int c = 6; int d = 1; // calculate results double result1 = d * a; double result2 = c + 2 * a; double result3 = d - b / c; double result4 = c * b % c; double result5 = b / 2; // display the results System.out.println(); System.out.println("result1 : " + result1); System.out.println("result2 : " + result2); System.out.println("result3 : " + result3); System.out.println("result4 : " + result4); System.out.println("result5 : " + result5); System.out.println(); } } From this week’s lab Note that I don’t show a lot of comments so that the code will fit on a single slide Also note all the semi-colons

  21. Variable initialization • Note that the following • int x; • x = 5; • is the same as the following: • int x = 5;

  22. Primitive variable types • Java has 8 (or so) primitive types: • float • double • boolean • char • byte • short • int • long real numbers two values: true and false a single character integer numbers • Also the void “type” • We’ll only be using half of the types in this course: int, double, boolean, and char

  23. Primitive real (floating-point) types • A float takes up 4 bytes of space • Has 6 decimal places of accuracy: 3.14159 • A double takes up 8 bytes of space • Has 15 decimal places of accuracy: 3.14159265358979 • Always use doubles • It will save you quite a headache!

  24. Primitive integer types • Consider a byte: • 1 byte = 8 bits • Each bit has two possibilities: 0 or 1 • 28 = 256 • Thus, a byte can have any one of 256 values • A Java byte can have values from -128 to 127 • From -27 to 27-1 • C/C++ has unsigned versions; Java does not

  25. Primitive integer types

  26. Increment and decrement operators • ++ • Increments a number variable by 1 • -- • Decrements a numeric variable by 1 • Consider int i = 4; // define ++i; System.out.println(i); System.out.print(++i); System.out.println(i++); System.out.println(i); • ++ • Increments a number variable by 1 • -- • Decrements a numeric variable by 1 • Consider int i = 4; ++i; // increment System.out.println(i); System.out.print(++i); System.out.println(i++); System.out.println(i); • ++ • Increments a number variable by 1 • -- • Decrements a numeric variable by 1 • Consider int i = 4; ++i; System.out.println(i); // display System.out.print(++i); System.out.println(i++); System.out.println(i); • ++ • Increments a number variable by 1 • -- • Decrements a numeric variable by 1 • Consider int i = 4; ++i; System.out.println(i); System.out.print(++i); // update then display System.out.println(i++); System.out.println(i); • ++ • Increments a number variable by 1 • -- • Decrements a numeric variable by 1 • Consider int i = 4; ++i; System.out.println(i); System.out.print(++i); System.out.println(i++); // display then update System.out.println(i); • ++ • Increments a number variable by 1 • -- • Decrements a numeric variable by 1 • Consider int i = 4; ++i; System.out.println(i); System.out.print(++i); System.out.println(i++); System.out.println(i); // display • ++ • Increments a number variable by 1 • -- • Decrements a numeric variable by 1 • Consider int i = 4; ++i; System.out.println(i); System.out.print(++i); System.out.println(i++); System.out.println(i);

  27. Why C++ was named C++ • The increment operator adds one to the integer value • Or makes it ‘one better’ • So when Bjarne Stroustrup was making the successor to C, he was making a ‘one better’ language

  28. Why you should get the extended warranty

  29. Primitive character type • All characters have a integer equivalent • ‘0’ = 48 • ‘1’ = 49 • ‘A’ = 65 • ‘a’ = 97 • Thus, you can refer to ‘B’ as ‘A’+1

  30. Primitive boolean type • The boolean type has only two values: • true • false • There are boolean-specific operators • && is and • || is or • ! is not • etc.

  31. Variables must be declared before use • The following code will not work: • x = 5; • System.out.println (x); • Java requires you to declare x before you use it

  32. Variable initialization • Consider the following code: int x; System.out.println(x); • What happens? • Error message: • variable x might not have been initialized • Java also requires you to give x a value before you use it

  33. Constants • Consider the following: final int x = 5; • The value of x can NEVER be changed! • The value assigned to it is “final” • This is how Java defines constants

  34. Expressions • What is the value used to initialize expression int expression = 4 + 2 * 5; • What value is displayed System.out.println(5 / 2.0); • Java rules in a nutshell • Each operator has a precedence level and an associativity • Operators with higher precedence are done first • * and / have higher precedence than + and - • Associativity indicates how to handle ties • When floating-point is used the result is floating point

  35. Question on expressions • Does the following statement compute the average of double variables a, b, and c? Why or why not? double average = a + b + c / 3.0;

  36. Java operators • The following are the common operators for ints: • + - / * % • Division is integer division • 6 / 2 yields 3 • 7 / 2 yields 3, not 3.5 • Because everything is an int, the answer is an int • Modulus is % • Returns the remainder • 7 % 2 yields 1 • 6 % 2 yields 0 • Floats and doubles use the same first four operators • + - / * • 7.0 / 2.0 yields 3.5 • 7.0 / 2 yields 3.5 • 7 / 2.0 yields 3.5 • 7 / 2 yields 3

  37. Java operators • Booleans have their own operators • && is AND • Only true when both operands are true • true && true yields true • false && true yields false • || is OR • True when either of the operands (or both) are true • true || false yields true • false || false yields false • ! is NOT • Changes the value • !true yields false • !false yields true

  38. System.out.println • Can print multiple things by using the + operator • Let int i = 7; • Example: System.out.println (“i = “ + i); • Prints i = 7 • Can also have the statement on multiple lines System.out.println ( “hello world!” ) ; • Can’t have the String on multiple lines System.out.println ( “hello world!” );

  39. System.out.println • System.out.println (“result: “ + 3/5); • What does it print? • result: 0 • System.out.println (“result: “ + 5 % 3); • What does it print? • result: 2 • System.out.println (“result: “ + 3/5.0); • What does it print? • result: 0.6 • System.out.println (“result: “ + 3+4.0); • What does it print? • result: 34.0 • System.out.println (“result: “ + (3+4.0)); • What does it print? • result: 7.0

  40. More demotivators

  41. Methods

  42. Functions • In Java, functions are called methods • Think of mathematical functions: • sin() • cos() • tan() • They take input (the angle) • And produce output (the result) • In Java, they are called Math.sin(), Math.cos(), etc. • Meaning, from the Math library, call the sin() method

  43. import java.util.*; public class MathFun { public static void main(String[] args) { // set up the Scanner object Scanner stdin = new Scanner(System.in); // have the user input the values for x and y System.out.print("Enter a decimal number: "); double x = stdin.nextDouble(); System.out.print("Enter another decimal number: "); double y = stdin.nextDouble(); double squareRootX = Math.sqrt(x); System.out.println ("Square root of " + x + " is " + squareRootX); } } From this week’s lab

  44. System.out.println() public static void main(String[] args) { System.out.print("I think there is a world market for"); System.out.println(" maybe five computers."); System.out.println(" Thomas Watson, IBM, 1943."); } • Class System supplies objects that can print and read values • System variable out references the standard printing object • Known as the standard output stream • Variable out provides access to printing methods • print(): displays a value • println(): displays a value and moves cursor to the next line

  45. Escape sequences • Java provides escape sequences for printing special characters • \b backspace • \n newline • \t tab • \r carriage return • \\ backslash • \" double quote • \' single quote

  46. Escape sequences • What do these statements output? System.out.println("Person\tHeight\tShoe size"); System.out.println("========================="); System.out.println("Hannah\t5‘1\"\t7"); System.out.println("Jenna\t5'10\"\t9"); System.out.println("JJ\t6'1\"\t14"); • Output Person Height Shoe size ========================= Hannah 5‘1" 7 Jenna 5'10" 9 JJ 6'1" 14

  47. Variable System.out gives access to an output stream of type PrintStream The printing destination attribute for this PrintStream object is the console window The behaviors of a PrintStream object support a high-level view of printing System.out System.out : PrintStream - destination = - ... + println(String s) : void + print(String s) : void + ...

  48. The period indicates that we want to The period indicates that we want to select an select an individual class member of out individual class member of System The method we are calling Member out of System is an output Literal character string that is stream object automatically the parameter to print(). associated with the console window running the application Class System is defined in the standard Method member of out. The execution of member print() package java.lang causes its parameter to be displayed to the output stream Selection string . . " " System out print ( )

  49. I/O streams • System.out • Prints to standard output • Equivalent to cout in C++, and print() in C • System.err • Prints to standard error • Equivalent to cerr in C++, and fprintf(stderr) in C • System.in • Reads from standard input • Equivalent to cin in C++, and scanf() in C

  50. Program Examples

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