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Understanding Chemical Reactions: Mechanisms, Energetics, Equilibria

Explore the world of chemical reactions - from synthesis to combustion. Learn about redox reactions, reaction energetics, and equilibrium principles. Discover how catalysts affect reaction rates and Le Chatelier's Principle in response to environmental changes.

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Understanding Chemical Reactions: Mechanisms, Energetics, Equilibria

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  1. Chemical Reactions

  2. Chemical Reactions • At least one new substance produced as a result of chemical change • Combination X + Y  XY • Decomposition XY  X + Y • Single replacement X + YZ  Y + XZ • Double replacement AX + BY  AY + BX • Combustion CH + O2 CO2 + H2O

  3. Combustion Reaction and Global Warming

  4. Oxidation-Reduction Reactions • Involve transfer of electrons • OIL RIG (oxidation is loss - reduction is gain) • Oxidizing agent (gets reduced) • Reducing agent (gets oxidized)

  5. Redox Reactions • Identify which is oxidized and reduced Zn (s) + Cu2+(aq) Zn2+(aq) + Cu (s) H2 (g) + Zn2+(aq) 2 H+(aq) + Zn (s)

  6. The Collision Theory For a reaction to occur, reactants must: • Collide • The interaction must have sufficient activation energy • The collision must have the correct orientation

  7. Reaction Energetics • Activation energy: The amount of energy required for a reaction to occur • Exothermic reactions (release energy) • Endothermic reactions (take in energy)

  8. What effect does the activation energy requirement have on the rate of a reaction?

  9. Reaction kinetics and things that influence it • Kinetics: the rate at which a reaction occurs (influenced by activation energy requirement)

  10. Catalysts • Speed reactions but are not consumed during the reaction • Decrease the activation energy requirement

  11. Chemical equilibrium • Occurs with reversible reactions • Situation where the rate of the forward reaction is equal to the rate of the reverse reaction

  12. Chemical equilibrium H2 + I22 HI • At equilibrium, an equilibrium concentration constant (Keq) is reached Keq = [products] [reactants]

  13. Meanings of Keq

  14. Le Chatleier’s Principle • An equilibrium will adjust itself to counter-act whatever is done to it How do these things effect equilibria? • Changing concentration of product or reactant • Temperature • Pressure • Presence of a catalyst

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