与卫生与安全相关的性别问题

1. 与卫生与安全相关的性别问题

2. Health and Safety Issues at work affect both men and women workers工作中的卫生与安全问题对男性和女性工人都有影响 • However, men and women: 然而，男人和女人 • Tend to perform different tasks 往往执行不同的任务 • Work in higher or lower numbers of different sectors 在不同的领域男性和女性的数量各不相同 • Are often exposed to different workplace environments 所面对的工作环境有所不用 • Face different types of demands and stresses 面对不同的要求和压力 • Are often exposed to different risks 面对不同的危险 • Are subject to different health and well-being outcomes 对健康或福利的要求也有所不同

3. The world of work is changing, but the workforce is still highly segregated on the basis of gender. 虽然全球的工作环境都在变化，但是劳动力中的性别分离还是很明显 • Horizontal segregation occurs between sectors, between jobs in the same sector, and also between tasks in the same job. 横向分离体现于不同领域，同一领域中的不用工作，或同一工作中的不同任务 • Vertical segregation occurs in the form of a larger proportion of men being employed in senior positions. 纵向分离体现于男性在高级职位中所占得比重大于女性

4. Women still carry out a greater proportion of unpaid work in the home and, if paid and unpaid demands are added together, women are generally seen to work longer hours than men, carry a heavier burden of workload, and have greater difficulty in balancing the demands of work and family. 女性在家庭中从事无偿工作的比例仍然远大于男性，并如果把有偿和无偿工作的需求加在一起，女性仍被一般认为工作更长时间，被分配更多任务，以及在面对工作家庭平衡时面临更大的难度。

5. In Canada,: 在加拿大 • 70% of all employed women are still concentrated in health, teaching, clerical, sales and service sectors as opposed to 29% of employed men. 女性受聘人员中的70％仍然集中于健康，教育，文书，销售和服务业等行业中，而男性受聘人员中的同一比例则为29％ • 40% of employed women are involved in part-time work, temporary employment, self-employment or had multiple jobs, compared to 29% of employed men. 女性受聘人员中的40％有参与兼职，临时工，自营职业，或有多个工作，而男性受聘人员中的同一比例为29％

6. Differentiation by Tasks 工作任务中的区别 • Traditionally, throughout the world, in many individual sectors such as agriculture, mining, manufacturing, construction and services, women and men perform different tasks. 传统上，在整个世界，在农业，采矿业，制造业，建筑业，和服务业等各个行业中，男性和女性负责执行不同的工作任务

7. Differentiation by Risks 所面对的危险的区别 • Even when women and men perform the same tasks, they may still face different risks, experience different effects and report their conditions differently. 就算男性和女性所执行的任务相同，他们仍然可能面对不同的危险，承担不同的结果，并在纪录情况时使用不同的方法

8. Differentiation by Susceptibility 感受性的区别 In many industries, where a predominant number of women are employed, such as footwear and garment factories, working conditions and environment are particularly harmful to women. For example, chemical fumes, unbearable heat, and long hours of standing could be detrimental to their reproductive health. 在许多以女性职工为主的行业中，例如鞋业和服装制造业，工作条件与环境对女性特别有害。举例来说，化学气体，高温，以及长时间站立可能会对女性的生殖健康造成很大的损伤。

9. Differentiation by Effect 影响的区别 • There are a growing number of chemicals that have different effects on women and men. 越来越多的化学成分在对男性与女性的影响上有所不同。 • Also, of course, women and men have different reproductive systems that are not necessarily affected in the same ways by the same workplace exposures. 并且，由于男性与女性生殖系统不同，因此同一工作环境对男性与女性的影响也会不同。

10. Differentiation by Exposure 所面对的潜在危害的区别 Women and men are exposed to different physical and psychosocial stresses. Women usually suffer discrimination, mobbing, sexual and other types of harassment more often than men. 女性和男性所面对的心理和身体上的潜在压力有所不同。与男性相比，女性通常会遭遇更多歧视，排挤，性骚扰或其他骚扰。

11. Differentiation by Exposure 所面对的潜在危害的区别 • Men tend to have many more occupational accidents and fatal injuries than women. 与女性相比，男性通常会遭遇更多的职业事故以及致命伤害。 • Many societies accept the idea that men can be asked to do more “dangerous jobs”. 许多社会都普遍认为男性可以承担更多的”危险工作”

12. Differentiation by Exposure 所面对的潜在危害的区别 • Women are exposed more often to certain psychosocial risk factors such as psychological and sexual harassment and monotonous work. 女性通常会面对更多潜在的心理社会危险因素，例如心理和性骚扰，以及单一的重复性工作。

13. Women often encounter workplaces and equipment, including personal protective equipment, that have been designed for a traditionally male workforce. 女性经常会在工作中遭遇到为男性劳动力设计的工作环境，或个人防护装备等设备 • A poor match between the worker’s body dimensions and the work environment can result in injury and/or disability. 工作环境与工作人员规格上的不协调可能会导致受伤或残疾。

14. Differentiation by Attention 受重视程度的不同 • Though some progress has been made, women’s work-related health problems are still relatively invisible to those responsible for prevention. 虽然已经有一些进步，但是女性的职业健康问题相对来说仍然不够受到重视。

15. Impact on Rural Migrant Workers 对于农民工的影响 • The different ways in which work-related health and safety issues impact men and women manifest themselves among migrant workers in certain special ways due to a variety of circumstances that impact particularly on rural migrant workers. 由于农民工所面对的一些情况的特殊性，职业安全问题对于男性与女性的不同影响在农民工身上有着特别的体现

16. Generally, most rural migrant workers: 普遍来说，大多数农民工： • Are ignorant of their rights as workers 对他们的权利缺乏了解 • Have comparatively low expectations for wages and benefits 对薪酬福利的预期相对较低 • Are reluctant to contact authorities 比较排斥联系权威人士 • Have no valid written contract, and 没有具有法律效应的合同 • Are open to exploitation and abuse by employers. 容易成为雇主剥削和欺负的对象

17. Surveys show that in many workplaces where migrant workers are employed: 问卷调查显示，在很多雇佣农民工的工作场所中： • Arrangements are informal 合同都是非正式的 • Enforcement of rules and regulations is limited or less effective 管理条例的执行不到位，或者没有效果 • Basic safety rules are not observed 基本的安全条例不被遵守 • Rules and regulations on protection for women workers are ignored 对女性员工的保护条例受到忽略 • Workers are often exposed to concentrations of hazardous chemicals above allowable limits 工人所接触到的有害化学物质超过国家允许标准

18. Surveys show that in many workplaces where migrant workers are employed: (cont.) • Rules and regulations on the protection of workers are violated 工人的保护条例经常被违反 • Working environment is poor 工作环境很差 • Workers work long hours 工人工作时间长 • Hygiene is poor 卫生条件差

19. Effect on Women More Severe 对于女性员工的影响更加严重 • Migrant rural women workers tend to be naïve and unassertive, leaving them more vulnerable to discrimination, sexual and other harassment, and personal abuse. 女性农民工普遍比较天真并且自我保护意识较弱，使她们更容易受到歧视，性骚扰或其他骚扰，以及人身攻击等待遇。 • They also typically shoulder large family responsibilities including the financial burden of remitting money home to support family. 她们通常背负着很大的家庭责任，包括经济责任。

20. Need for Examination with a Gender Lens 问题的研究应有性别视角 The vulnerabilities of rural migrant workers in their work situations, combined with the sub-standard conditions under which they live and work and the compounded levels of exposure to numerous hazards at work, further exacerbate the gender differences with respect to health and safety at work, and require examination with a gender lens. 农民工在工作中所面对的潜在危害，再加上他们所工作与居住的恶劣条件以及所面对的职业危险，都更使职业安全问题的性别差异更加严重，因此在研究此类问题是应注意性别的视角。

21. Traditional Approach is Gender Neutral 传统的方法是性别中立 • The approach to policy and legislation for occupational health and safety in most countries, including Canada, is gender neutral. 在包括加拿大的大多数国家中，对于职业安全与卫生的法律条例的态度都是性别中的 • This has contributed to less attention and fewer resources being directed towards work-related risks that affect men and women differently and to appropriate prevention. 这造成了对有性别区分的职业隐患的忽略，以及预防措施的缺乏。

22. Need for Focused Attention 需要更有针对性的关注 Focused attention is needed on identifying problems and on developing specific programs to ensure that the particular needs of men and women migrant workers are taken into account in occupational and industrial restructuring processes, particularly in the areas of legislation, information and training, worker’s participation and applied research. 需要有针对性的关注来发现问题，并建立起能够满足男女农民工不同职业需求的系统，特别是在法律法规，信息与教育，员工参与，以及应用研究等方面。

23. Thank You For further information contact: Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety Hamilton, Ontario, Canada Phone: 905-572-2981 Ext. 4537 Fax: 905-572-4419 E-mail: abey@ccohs.ca Web Site: www.ccohs.ca